Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/528

 510 JALAPA JAMAICA congestion of the liver, the usual dose being about 10 grains of each, though in the southern states double this quantity is often given. JALAPA, a town of Mexico, in the state of Vera Cruz, 140 m. E. of the city of Mexico ; pop. about 10,000. It is situated on the slope of the Cerro Macuiltepec, 4,500 ft. above the sea, and many of the streets are very steep. The houses are substantially built, frequently of two stories. There are several churches and convents, one of the latter dating from the time of Cortes. The hospital of San Juan de Dios is one of the oldest Spanish structures in the country. There is a home for indigent females, and a number of public and private schools. Among the productions of the sur- rounding country is the exogonium Jalapa or jalap plant. The great staples are honey and wax, the latter being here elaborated to great perfection. The silkworm has been intro- Jolapa. duced with much success ; and tobacco little inferior to the finest Cuban is extensively grown. There are numerous potteries, and several tanneries and cigar factories. Jalapa, with a mild and salubrious climate, far above the yellow fever region, is the favorite resort of the wealthy inhabitants of the coast. J ILK V. Jean Louis Nicolas, a French sculptor, born in Paris, Jan. 27, 1802, died there in 1866. He was a pupil of Pierre Cartillier, and obtained in 1827 the highest academical prize for his bust of Mucius Scasvola, enabling him to study six years in Italy. After his return to Paris he executed many works for the Ver- sailles museum and the Luxembourg. Among his best statues are those representing "Pu- dor" and "Prayer." He succeeded David d' Angers in 1856 in the academy of fine arts, and shortly before his death he was employed upon statuary for the new palace of justice. JALISCO, a maritime state of Mexico, border- ing on Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, Guanajua- to, Michoacan, Colima, and the Pacific ; area, 48,967 sq. m. ; pop. in 1869, 924,580. This state, which in colonial times was known as the kingdom of Nueva Galicia, is divided into the nine cantons of Guadalajara, Lagos, La Barca, Sayula, Etzatlan, Autlan, Tuscacuesco, Colotlan, and Tepic. Capital, Guadalajara. The face of the country is irregular, being traversed from S. to N. by the chain of the Sierra Madre, the principal mountains being those of Tapalpa and Tigre in Sayula, and in the south the Xevado and the Volcan de Colima, which last has an elevation of about 12,000 ft. above the sea. Deep and vast ravines abound in the mountainous portions. On either side of the Sierra Madre are beautiful valleys watered by numerous rivers, the largest of which, the Lerma or Rio Grande de Santiago, flows N. W. from Lake Chapala to the sea; but it rises in Lake Lerma in the state of Mex- ico, and has a length of 600 m. There are nu- =dt_ merous cascades in its course, many of which are very picturesque. Other rivers are the Verde, Lagos, Ameca, Ayuguila, San Pedro, Tepic, Acaponeta, Je- rez, and Cafias. Of the lakes, that of Chapala, 90 m. long and 10 to 35 m. wide, is the largest ; Sayula and Magdalcna, though smaller, are no- table for the quantity of delicious fish which they contain ; Mescalti- tan, little inferior in sizo to Chapala, is rather an arm of the sea than a lake. The climate is in general cold in Lagos, La Barca, and Colotlan, mild in Guadalajara and Etzatlan, and extreme- ly hot and unhealthy in the coast region. The soil is fertile, the arboreal vegetation luxuriant, and the varieties of useful and precious timbers very great. Wheat and barley are abundantly produced, as are also maize, the beans called f rijoles, capsicum, and garbanzos ; and cotton, the sugar cane, cacao, and tobacco thrive well. The fruits include those of the torrid and tem- perate zones. Gold, silver, iron, mercury, and copper are found. Many of the gold and silver mines are now abandoned. Education is in a prosperous condition ; there is a university in the capital, and schools in all the other towns. JAMAICA (Indian Xaimaca, island of springs), one of the Greater Antilles, and the largest and richest of the British West India islands, in the Caribbean sea, 89 m. S. of Cuba, 118 W, 8. W. of Hayti, and 570 N. by E. of the isth- mus of Panama, between lat. 17 45' and 18 l 30' N., and Ion. 76 12' and 78 30' W. Its maximum length, from Morant Point E. to