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 3-i HUGHES that year was held the first diocesan synod of New York, whose decrees on secret soci- eties and the tenure of church property were published officially by the bishop in Septem- ber; and this legislation was further supple- mented by the publication in 1845 of " Rules for the Administration of Churches without Trustees." On March 10, 1844, he consecrated as his coadjutor the Rev. John McCloakey, D. D. During the spring and summer of this year fears were entertained of anti-Catholic riots in New York, such as had taken place in Phil- adelphia. Bishop Hughes thereupon address- ed a letter to Mayor Harper, which calmed the public excitement, and in a series of let- ters denounced the editor of the " New York Herald" for attacks on himself. A second visit to Europe in December, 1845, enabled him to secure the services of the Jesuits, Chris- tian brothers, and sisters of mercy. On his return he was solicited by President Polk to accept a peace mission to Mexico, which he declined. In 1847 he delivered in the hall of representatives at Washington, by request of both houses of congress, a discourse on " Chris- tianity, the only Source of Moral, Social, and Political Regeneration." During this year his diocese was divided by the creation of the sees of Albany and Buffalo. In 1850 the see of New York was raised to metropolitan rank, and Bishop Hughes received the pallium as arch- bishop in Rome at the hands of the pope. In 1853 the sees of Brooklyn, Burlington, and Newark were erected, and the new bishops were consecrated by the nuncio, Archbishop (afterward Cardinal) Bedini, Oct. 30. Arch- bishop Hughes presided in 1854 over the first provincial council of New York ; was in Rome at the proclamation of the dogma of the im- maculate conception, Dec. 8 ; and on his return was involved in a controversy with Mr. Eras- tus Brooks, the letters on both sides being pub- lished in a volume entitled " Brooksiana." In August, 1858, he laid the corner stone of a new cathedral on Fifth avenue, New York, the largest yet planned in the United States. In the preceding autumn, while accompanying the nuncio to Canada, he was seized with lung fe- ver, from the effects of which he never wholly recovered. He persisted nevertheless in the discharge of his daily duties, causing himself toward the end of his life to be carried to the altar when conferring confirmation. At the breaking out of the civil war, and before ac- tive operations had begun in Virginia, Arch- bishop Hughes, though in very feeble health, went to Washington to proffer the aid of his priests, sisters of charity, and sisters of mer- cy. In November, 1861, at the solicitation of President Lincoln, he went to Europe in com- pany with Mr. Thurlow Weed, in order to se- cure the friendly neutrality of some govern- ments, particularly of the French court. Af- ter visiting France and Italy, he preached at the laying of the corner stone of the Catho- lic university of Dublin, June. 1862. He np- HUGO peared at the New York academy of music in April, 1863, to make an appeal in favor of the famishing Irish, and in July made his last public address to quell the draft riots. Thence- forward his strength steadily declined until his death. His works have been published by L. Kehoe (2 vols., New York, 1864-'5) ; and his life has been written by John R. G. Hassard (8vo, New York, 1866). HUGHES, Thomas, an English author, born near New bury, Berkshire, Oct. 20, 1823. He was educated at Rugby, and graduated at Oriel college, Oxford, in 1845. Ho studied law, was called to the bar in 1848, and became queen's counsel in 1869. From 1865 to 1868 he was a liberal member of parliament for the borough of Lambeth, and from 1868 to January, 1874, for the borough of Frome, which was not con- tested by the liberals in the election of Feb- ruary, 1874, and consequently a conservative took his place. While in parliament he sup- ported the bills for the disestablishment of the Irish church, and for secularizing the universi- ties, abolishing tests, and admitting dissenters to fellowship in Oxford and Cambridge. He took an active interest in educational and so- cial questions and in all measures for the im- provement of the laboring classes. In 1869 and 1870 he visited the United States, lecturing in the principal cities, and was well received. He is the author of "Tom Brown's School Days," a graphic description of life at Rugby school under Dr. Arnold (1856) ; a sequel to it entitled "Tom Brown at Oxford" (1861); "The Scouring of the White Horse " (1858) ; " Religio Laici," a semi-theological essay (1862) ; "Alfred the Great" (1869); and "Memoirs of a Brother " (1873). He has also written critical prefaces to English editions of a work on "Trades Unions" by the count de Paris, Lowell's " Biglow Papers," and the poems of Walt Whitman. HUGHS, a S. county of Dakota, bounded S. W. by the Missouri, recently formed and not included in the census of 1870 ; area, about 800 sq. m. It is intersected by East Medicine Knoll river, and watered by several small affluents of the Missouri. HUGO, Gnstav, a German jurist, born at Lor- rach, Baden, Nov. 23, 1764, died in Gottingen Sept. 16, 1844. He studied at Gottingen from 1782 to 1785, and first became known by his edition of the " Fragments of Ulpian " (Gottin- gen, 1788). In 1788 he was appointed professor extraordinary and in 1792 regular professor of law at the university of Gottingen. He was one of the first to follow the example of Leib- nitz and of Putter, presenting the Roman law classified with reference to the principal eras of its history. His principal works are : Lehr- Tiuch der Geschichte des romiscJien Bechts (Ber- lin, 1790; 9th ed., 1824); Lehrbucli eines cmlittisehen Cursm (7 vols., 1799-1812) ; and Beitrage zur eivilutueJien HiicherJcenntnus der letzten vierzig Jahrc (2 vols., 1829). He edited the Civilistischc Magazin from 1814 to 1837.