Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/355

 IPHICRATES IPSAMBUL 343 of the celebrated author of that name, and with such success that a large sum of money and public honors were bestowed by Louis XIV. upon the physician for giving publicity to the remedy, which he had kept secret. In large doses it is an active and quick but mild emetic ; in smaller, a diaphoretic and expecto- rant; and in still smaller, a stimulant to the stomach. It acts when injected into the blood as well as when given by the stomach, and is consequently entitled to be called a specific emetic. In very large doses it diminishes the rapidity of the pulse. Animals may be killed by it. It is used not only to empty the stomach, but also in small doses in diseases of the bow- els especially dysentery and diarrhoea. When first introduced into European practice, it was known as radix antidysenterica. Ipecac is employed also in affections, of the respiratory organs, especially in croup and the bronchitis of children. Its preparations are, besides the powder, a wine, fluid extract, and sirup. It is combined with opium in Dover's powder. The dose of ipecacuanha as an emetic is 20 grs. or more ; as an expectorant, -J gr. to 2 grs. The dose of the wine varies from a few drops to a tablespoonful, according to the indications of the case. The sirup is weaker than the wine. IPHICRATES, an Athenian general in the first half of the 4th century B. 0. At the battle of Cnidus he captured one of the Spartan trier- archs. In 393 he commanded the Athenian auxiliaries at the battle of Lechseum, in which the allies were defeated by the Lacedaemonians under Praxitas. The guerilla system subse- quently adopted by the belligerents in that war seems to have suggested to Iphicrates the for- mation of a body of light-armed foot soldiers called peltasfcs, with whom he attacked a divi- sion of the Lacedaemonian army near Corinth, and almost destroyed it. He next captured Sidus, Orommyon, and (Enoe from the Spar- tans ; but the Athenians, listening to Argive calumnies, deprived him of his command. In 389 he was reinvested with authority, and sent to the Hellespont to counteract the operations of the Lacedasmonian Anaxibius, who was de- feated by him and slain in the following year. After the peace of Antalcidas, Iphicrates en- tered into alliance with Cotys, a Thracian prince, who gave him his daughter in marriage, and allowed him to found the town of Drys in his territory. In 377 he was sent with 20,000 Greek mercenaries to aid the Persian satrap Pharnabazus in reducing Egypt to obedience. The policy of Iphicrates was too daring for the and the Greek, fearing for his safety, fled to Athens, where he was denounced by Pharna- bazus for causing the failure of the expedition. The Athenians promised to punish him, but in the next year (373) they appointed him to the joint command of the armament which they sent against Corcyra. That town was brought over to the Athenian alliance, and the fleet which the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius had sent to the assistance of the Lacedremonians was defeated. In the war which grew out of the seizure of Thebes by the Spartans, Iphicrates commanded the Athenian forces sent against the Thebans. He afterward commanded in Thrace and in the social war, in conjunction with Timotheus, Menestheus, and Chares, the last of whom sought to shield himself from the consequences of his ignorance by prosecuting his colleagues. Iphicrates was acquitted, and spent his latter days at Athens. IPHIGENIA, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, or, according to some authori- ties, of Theseus and Helena. Agamemnon, having once killed a stag in the grove of Diana, sought to appease the offended goddess by vowing that whatever, most beautiful, was born to him in that year should be sacrificed to her. His daughter Iphigenia chanced to be born within the period specified ; but the king from time to time put off the performance of his vow, until the Grecian armament was as- sembled in the port of Aulis to sail against Troy. The winds proving unpropitious, Cal- chas the seer was consulted, and replied that the sacrifice of the daughter of Agamemnon was indispensable to propitiate the gods. But Agamemnon still resisted, and only yielded to the importunities of Menelaus. When Iphige- nia was about to be immolated, Diana herself intervened to save her, and bore her in a cloud to Tauris, where Iphigenia became her priest- ess. Her brother Orestes came thither in or- der to steal the image of Diana, which was believed to have fallen from heaven, and to transport it to Hellas. Iphigenia recognized him, and aided him in obtaining the desired image, with which they fled to Argos. Iphige- nia afterward carried it to Sparta, where she acted as priestess of Diana till her death. IPSAHBCL, Aba Sanibnl, or Abnsimbel, a place in lower Nubia, on the left hank of the Nile, 30 m. S. W. of Derr, lat. 22 22' N., Ion. 31 40' E., remarkable for two of the most per- fect and magnificent specimens of Egyptian rock-cnt temples. Both have front walls of sandstone, and the interiors are excavated from the solid rock. The smaller temple, which Wilkinson thinks was dedicated to Athor, stands 20 ft. above the level of the Nile, and has a front of 90 ft. adorned with six gigan- tic statues. There is an interior hall of six square pillars, a transverse corridor with a small chamber at each extremity, and an asy- lum. The whole is apparently almost as per- fect as it was when completed. Burckhardt saw and first described this temple of Isis, as he believed it to be, on March 22, 1813, and 200 ft. in the rear he discovered the heads of four colossal statues, the bodies of which were buried in sand. These he judged to belong to the finest period of Egyptian sculpture. The rear wall, covered with well executed hiero- glyphics, displayed a figure of hawk-headed Osiris surmounted by a globe, and Burckhardt predicted that the clearing away of the sand
 * wary barbarian. The commanders quarrelled,