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 IONIAN'S IONIES 331 as is expressly stated, covers a multitude of islands. The prophet Joel curses the towns of Tyre and Sidon for selling the children of Judah and Jerusalem to the children of Javan, and removing them far away among the gen- tiles. It is therefore supposed that the He- brews were acquainted with the lonians as early as 1000 B. 0. It is noticeable that the term 'Idoref only once occurs in the Iliad, and that in one of its later parts. The legendary ac- counts of the Greeks say that about the middle of the llth century B. 0. the lonians emigrated from Attica and settled on the shores of Asia Minor, expelling and exterminating some of the inhabitants, while others were allowed to amalgamate with them. Other myths speak of nations from the east settling in European Greece. Notwithstanding the pride taken by the Greeks in their autochthony, they con- stantly connect the foundation of their social life with the arrival of highly gifted strangers, whose supernatural power and wisdom were believed to have brought a new order into their life. E. Curtius says : " Two different points of view are, however, undeniably maintained throughout these myths : in the first place, the notion of the foreign element, . . . and second- ly, the notion of common relationship." "In what other way can these two undeniably dom- inant ideas be explained and harmonized, ex- cept by assuming that the colonists in question were also Hellenes ; that they came from the east indeed, but from a Greek east, where, with the receptivity of mind characteristic of the Ionian race, they had domesticated among them- selves, and given a Hellenic transformation to, the civilization of the East, in order to hand it over in this state to the brethren of their own race ? But since these Ionic Greeks, for so we may shortly designate them as a body of popu- lation, had not only settled in their own home, but also among the Phoenicians, in lands colo- nized by the latter, in Lycia and in Caria, and in the delta of the Nile, the settlers coming from the other side, the heroes and founders of towns in question, easily came to be called Phoenicians and Egyptians. For it is incon- ceivable that Canaanites proper. . . ever found- ed principalities among a Hellenic population." Thus at the beginning of history Curtius finds traces of the lonians on the shores of the sea of Thessaly, and of the sea of Eubcea, called Hellopia, after a son of Ion ; in southern Boeo- tra, especially on the Asopus and the declivities of the Helicon ; in the whole of Attica ; further in a long connected line on either shore of the Saronic and Corinthian seas ; in Argolis, and on all the coasts of the Peloponnesus ; and in the mountainous country of the interior. The movement of the lonians from Attica to the V. coast of Asia Minor was accordingly a re- migration to the original settlements. It was the natural result of the overpeopling of southern Greece, occasioned by the violent ad- vance of the northern highlanders or the con- tinental tribes of the Hellenic nation. In the midst of these movements, which had revolu- tionized all the states from Olympvis to Cape Malea, Attica alone had remained tranquil; but it now became the refuge of the multitudes driven out of the other districts, and the nar-row and poor little land was overflowing with in- habitants, so that relief became necessary. All the Greeks belonging to the old Ionic race, suffering under this great pressure, therefore started, and having preserved an inner connec- tion notwithstanding their dispersion, they re- assembled in the middle coast tracts of Asia Minor, and this land around the mouths of the four rivers became the new Ionia, into which were transplanted the political institutions, priesthoods, and festive rituals of Attica. (See IONIA.) The Yavanas in ancient Sanskrit liter- ature are supposed to have been lonians, who made inroads into India through the north- west, probably through Cashmere, coming from the Euphrates, and penetrating as far as Orissa. The term Yavana was applied also to Greeks left by Alexander to garrison the banks of the Indus. Though Sir William Jones interprets the word as designating lonians or Asiatic Greeks, yet the chief argument in favor of it is the difficulty of attaching it to any oth- er people. Yavana does not seem to be ex- clusively applied to the Greeks. According to Caldwell, it had originally that signification, and was subsequently applied to any race ap- proaching India from the west. According to Lassen, it was used to designate only the Semi- tic nations. The modern Hindoos of northern India apply the term Yavana to Mohammedans of every description, but it is certain that in works prior to the Mohammedan era some other people must be intended. Bunsen sup- poses that it may be an ancient inaccurate name of a people who pushed on toward the Medi- terranean. In the present state of these re- searches it is impossible to retrace with cer- tainty the occupancy of central Asia and India by the ancient lonians. See Ernst Curtius, Die lonier tor der ionischen Wanderung (Ber- lin, 1855), and GescMehte und Topographie Kleinasiens (1872); Hunter, "Orissa" (Lon- don, 1872); and Chabas, Les peuples conrms par lea Egyptiens, in ISAntiquite prehisto- rique (Paris, 1873). IONIES, a small tribe of Indians in the United States, belonging to the family of the Cad- does or Cadodaquios. They regard the Hot Springs of Arkansas as their original seat. They formed part of the confederation known to the Spaniards as Texas or Friends, and were first known about the time of La Salle, who passed through their country. They were long on the Red river, but about 1823 moved into Texas, finally settling on the Brazos. With the Caddoes they had suffered from disease and from the attacks of the Osages and Co- manches. Their houses are a conical frame- work of poles, about 25 ft. in diameter and 20 ft. high, thatched with long prairie grass, with low doors. They are among the best of the