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 INTERNATIONAL INTESTINE 323 next year 122 branch societies of middle and south Germany held a meeting at Nuremberg and joined the association in a body. The third general congress, held at Brussels about a month later (September, 1868), was probably the greatest success of the association, not only in the number of delegates attending it, but also in the importance that was given to the gathering by -the leading journals. From the autumn of that year formidable strikes and disturbances occurred all over Europe un- til the beginning of the Franco-German war ; among these were the cotton-spinners' strike at Eouen ; the St. Etienne affair, in which more than 50 working men were killed by the troops; the strike at Le Creuzot ; the monster disturb- ances at Vienna, in which more than 50,000 men took part and were dispersed by military force ; and innumerable minor strikes in every European country and in almost every trade. At the fourth annual congress, held in Basel in September, 1869, at which a delegate from America was present, it was decided that the next annual gathering should take place in Paris in September, 1870. The war prevented the meeting, and seems to have inflicted a death- blow on the international, by weakening the radical party both id France and in Germany. At all events, the congresses, the general coun- cil, and the association itself were not heard of for 18 months, except in their manifestoes protesting against the savagery of warfare and defending the Paris commune. After that and some disagreements at a congress assembled at the Hague, Dr. Marx withdrew from the asso- ciation, and the whole establishment went to pieces. But it must not be inferred that the theories of the international have also been abandoned. The various branches of trades unions were trained and made acquainted with each other during its five years' existence, and they are now quite capable of sustaining them- selves, supported and informed as they are by the various organs of their party. The number of these journals on the continent is 29. The most important of them are: the Volksstaat, published at Leipsic ; Proletaries Munich ; Volksfreund, Brunswick; Volkswille, Vienna; Arbeiter-Zeitung, Pesth; Werlcman and As- modee, Amsterdam ; Toekom&t and Vryheid, the Hague ; Vprbote and figalite, Geneva ; Arbeiter, Basel ; Tagwacht, Zurich ; Solidarity Neufchatel ; " Cause of the People " (in Rus- sian), Geneva; Internationale and Liberte, Brussels; Werker, Antwerp; Jtfirabeau, Ver- viers; Federation, Barcelona; and Solidari- dad, Madrid. In the United States we know only of the " Workingmen's Advocate " of Chi- cago and Cincinnati, and the Arbeiterunion of New York, as accredited organs of the asso- ciation. The gist of all the theories of the internationalists is this : Wages-paid labor must pass away, as serf labor and slave labor have passed away, and must give place to associated labor, which is to be developed to national di- mensions and fostered by national means. No man has a right to call anything his own which he has not produced by his labor. See the an- nual reports published in London ; also an arti- cle by Prof. Beesley in the "Fortnightly Re- view" for 1870, and "History of the Interna- tional," translated from the French of E. Ville- tard by Susan M. Day (New Haven, 1874). INTESTINE, the portion of the digestive ap- paratus situated below the stomach, divided into the small and large intestines. The for- mer includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; the latter the cfflcum, colon, and rec- tum. Many of the details on these organs have been given in the articles ALIMENTARY CANAL, CAECUM, COLON, and COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, and need not be here repeated. Next below the stomach comes the duodenum, the largest portion of the small intestine, about 12 in. long, receiving the ducts from the liver and pancreas, and furnished with numerous circular internal folds of mucous membrane (the valvula eonniventes) above it is in con- tact with the liver and gall bladder, in front with the stomach and arch of the colon, and behind with the spinal column, right kidney, vena cava, aorta, and diaphragm; its arteries come chiefly from the superior mesenteric, and its nerves from the solar plexus. The jejunum and ileum, which follow, have no dis- tinct line of separation,, and may be described together as a canal four or five times as long as the body, arranged in numerous folds or con- volutions, freely movable in front and on the sides, and attached to the mesentery behind ; the upper portion is called jejunum from its being generally found empty. In front these are in relation with the omentum and the an- terior abdominal wall, behind with the spine, and in various places with the large intestine ; internally the structure resembles that of the duodenum, the valvnlso diminishing gradually from above downward ; the mucous membrane is studded with glandular follicles, and con- tains also the patches of Peyer, the seat of lesion in typhoid fever. Of the large intes- tine the only portion to be alluded to is the rectum, the terminal portion, ending in the anal opening protected by sphincter muscles ; it lies in the concavity of the sacrum, is cylin- drical, mostly on the median line, and some- what dilated at the lower end ; its principal relations in both sexes are with the genito- urinary organs. Internally it presents longitu- dinal and parallel folds, with transverse semi- lunar wrinkles forming sacs in which fa;cal matter is often lodged for a long time ; its mu- cous membrane possesses considerable absor- bent powers, and may be used for introducing nutriment and medicine. The common peri- staltic movements of the intestinal canal depend upon the contractility of the muscular coat called into action by the stimulus of the con- tents, and are not dependent upon cerebro-spi- nal nervous influence, though they may be modified through the spinal and sympathetic systems. In the duodenum and beginning of