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 INQUISITION 295 ent on the occasion ; if dead, their remains or effigies were substituted for them. The civil authorities and corporate bodies were also bound to be in attendance, as well as the crim- inal judge and his officers, whose duty it was to have the sentence carried out. When the execution was performed with unwonted so- lemnity, it was called auto publico general, There was also an auto particular, or private act, at which the inquisitors and criminal judge only were present; the autillo, held in the palace of the inquisition, which was attended only by the ministers of the court and the per- sons invited by them ; and the auto singular, which took place in the church or in the public square, and against a single person. The pun- ishment was inflicted for what the ecclesiasti- cal judges pronounced heresy, or a relapse into the same, or apostasy from the Christian faith. The auto publico general occurred rarely, and was held on the Sundays between Pentecost and Advent. The prisoners were conducted in procession to the public square, where roy- alty itself and all the highest personages in church and state attended, as at a drama which aimed at recalling the terrors of the judgment day. Those condemned to death were dressed in a sack of sheepskin called zamarra, and a conical cap called coroza, both hideously paint- ed. Of the others, the more guilty wore a tambenito or sack of yellow stuff with a cross in red. Prisoners of the least guilty class wore a coarse black coat and pantaloons, and walked with bare head and feet. After the solemn publication of the sentences, the penitents were borne back to their cells in the prisons of the inquisition; and those condemned to the fire were offered a last option between death and recantation of the heresies with which they were charged. It they recanted, they also were conducted to prison. If they remained obdurate, they were handed over to the secular judge, and led to the quemadero or place of burning, which was generally outside of the city. By its compact organization the inquisi- tion soon became very powerful. The inquis- itor general was appointed by the king and ap- proved by the pope ; but he was in reality in- dependent of both. Ho named the subaltern officers, and had an absolute control over all the lower courts. The expulsion of the Jews (1492) and the Moors (1500) from Spain, which many tried to evade by conversion to Chris- tianity, and Inter the spreading of Protestant- ism, furnished the inquisition with abundant occupation. According to the estimate of Llo- rente, whose accuracy has been called in ques- tion by Catholic writers, the number of those burned alive under Torquemada (1483-'98) amounted to 8,800, those under Deza (1499- 1506) to 1,664, and those under Cardinal Xi- menes (1507-'17) to 2,536. The general result of his statements for the time from 1483 to 1808 is as follows: burned alive, 31,912; burned in effigy, 17,659 ; subjected to rigorous pains and penances, 291,456. From the be- ginning of the 17th century, when it had com- pletely exterminated Protestantism in Spain, the inquisition became more lenient, and di- rected its efforts mostly to the suppression of heretical books. In the 18th century the autos da fe became very rare. Charles III. and his minister, Count Aranda, greatly restricted its jurisdiction, and Joseph Bonaparte entirely abolished it in December, 1808. It was re- stored by Ferdinand VII. in 1814, but again abolished by the constitution of the cortes in 1820. After the second restoration an inquisi- torial junta reappeared in 1825, and in 1826 a tribunal was reestablished at Valencia. In 1834, it was again abolished, and in 1835 its property was confiscated for the payment of the public debt. The most complete work on the inquisi- tion in Spain is Llorente's " Critical History of the Spanish Inquisition," translated into French by A. Pellier (4 vols. fol., Paris, 1817). An abridged English translation was published in London in 1826, and reprinted in Philadelphia. The author declares that he was secretary of the inquisition of Madrid during the years 1789- '91 ; that from 1809 to 1811 all the archives of the inquisition were placed at his disposal ; and that he burned, with the approbation of Joseph Bonaparte, all the criminal processes except those which from their importance and the rank of the accused belonged to history. The accuracy of some of his statements is greatly doubted by many. Ranke does not hesitate to impeach his honesty ; Prescott even pronounces his "computations greatly exaggerated," and his " estimates most improbable." The best work on the Spanish inquisition written from a Catholic standpoint is K. J. Hefele's Der Car- dinal Ximenes, &c. (Tubingen, 1844). An at- tempt to establish the Spanish inquisition in Naples was made by the Spanish viceroy in 1546 ; but the Neapolitans prevented it by energetic resistance. The towns of Lombardy successfully remonstrated against a similar at- tempt of Philip II., but it was introduced into Sicily and the Spanish colonies in America. In the latter the tribunals of Mexico, Carta- gena, and Lima rivalled in severity those of Spain. Charles V. sent it to the Netherlands, where it greatly increased the discontent of the people with the Spanish dominion ; and the attempt of Philip II. to reestablish it was among the principal causes which led to the revolt of the seven northern provinces and the rise of the Dutch republic. The inquisition was not introduced into Portugal till 1557. Its organization was nearly the same as in Spain. The supreme court of inquisition, to which all other courts of the kingdom were subordinate, had its seat at Lisbon ; the grand inquisitor was appointed by the king and confirmed by the pope. John IV., after delivering Portugal from the Spanish rule (1640), intended to sup- press the inquisition, but succeeded only m mitigating it. Its power was broken by King Joseph (died 1777) and his minister Pombal. John VI. (died 1826) abolished it both- in For-