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 INNOCENT 287 or appearance. On the other hand, a guest has no right to select and insist upon a partic- ular apartment, or put it to other purposes than those for which it was designed. An innkeep- er is of course liable like any other person for any loss or injury caused by his own default or negligence ; and so a boarding-house keeper is liable to this extent. But an innkeeper is liable for the loss of or injury to property of a guest, without the innkeeper's own default of any kind. So, if he receive the horse and car- riage of a guest, and put them under an open shed, away from his premises, or leave them in the open road, because he is crowded, and is accustomed to put them there when crowded, he is still liable for them as insurer. On the other hand, and perhaps as some compensation for these stringent liabilities, an innkeeper has a lien on the goods of his guest, for his charges against the guest; and he even has this lien on a horse or carriage, or other property stolen and brought to him by the thief. He has no lien on the person of the guest ; and certainly none on the clothing actually at the time on his person. But the innkeeper's lien probably reaches all other property of the guest, and extends so far as to cover the whole amount due by the guest, for himself, his servants, or his animals. But where a person visits an inn by special invitation as a friend, or by general invitation as one of many, or as one of the public, on a certain day, without paying or being expected to pay anything, it has been held that the innkeeper is liable to the visitor only for losses or injuries caused by the inn- keeper's own default or neglect. IMOCENT, the name of 13 popes, of whom the following are the most important. I. Saint, born in Albano, died March 12, or, according to Baronius, July 28, 417. He succeeded Anas- tasius I., April 27, 402. On his accession he interceded without avail in behalf of the ex- iled John Chrysostom, and excommunicated Theophilus of Alexandria and other, persecu- tors of the saint. The Donatists having been condemned by the council of Carthago (405), he persuaded the emperor Honorius to enact severe laws against them. On the invasion of Italy by Alaric at the head of the Visigoths, he tried to save Rome from these barbarians, and went to Ravenna to solicit the interference of the emperor ; but during his absence the city was taken in August, 410, and plundered. After the departure of the Goths, Innocent re- turned to Rome and exerted himself to relieve the ruined metropolis. His zeal and charity endeared him to the Romans, heathen as well as Christian. He conde:nned the doctrines of Pelagius, who was supported by some Chris- tians in the East, and evinced great severity against the Novatians, who were numerous in Italy. His feast is celebrated on July 28. Thirty letters attributed to him have been printed in Labbe's Concilia, vol. ii. ; and Gen- nadio, in his De Scriptoribut Ecclesiasticis, has given also as his a Decretum Occidentalium et 432 VOL. ix. 19 Orientalium Eeclesiis adversus Pelayianos da- tum, which was published by his successor, Zosimus I. II. Gregorio de' Papi, or Paparesehi, born in Rome about 1090, died there in Septem- ber, 1143. He was first a monk and afterward abbot of the convent of St. Nicholas, was made cardinal by Urban II., and appointed in 1124 legate to France by Calixtus II. His virtues, eloquence, and sweetness of temper secured him the affections of his colleagues; and on the death of Honorius II., before the event could be generally known, he was somewhat hastily proclaimed pope by 17 cardinals ; but some of them who were dissatisfied met in the evening of the same day and gave their vote in behalf of Pietro di Leone, who assumed the appellation of Anacletus II. Pietro was pos- sessed of immense wealth, which he lavished to make himself popular among the Romans. He was soon acknowledged all over Italy, while Innocent was obliged to take refuge in France. In an assembly of bishops at Li6ge, March 29, 1181, at which Lothaire II. of Germany was present, he declined the offer made by the latter to restore his authority in Rome, on condition of the pope's granting himself and his successors the right of investiture. Returning to France, Innocent secured the cooperation of St. Ber- nard, who accompanied him to Italy. There he was joined by Lothaire at the head of an army, whose services were rewarded by the temporary cession to that monarch of the provinces for- merly belonging to the countess Matilda. Af- ter holding a council at Piacenza, Innocent re- entered Rome with Lothaire May 1, 1133, and crowned him emperor in the church of St. John Lateran. Anacletus, however, still held possession of the castle of Sant' Angelo and sev- eral fortresses ; he was also supported by Ro- ger, king of Sicily ; and Innocent was again driv- en from Rome, to which he did not return until the death of his opponent in 1138. He had now to negotiate for the abdication of Victor IV., another antipope who had succeed- ed Anacletns, and to secure the submission of the rebellious cardinals. He was then enabled to hold the second general council of Lateran, which was opened April 8, 1139, and attended by more than 1,000 bishops. But he was at- tacked by King Roger, and being taken pris- oner could regain his liberty only by con- firming this prince in the possession of Sicily and the title of king, which had been be- stowed upon him in 1130 by Anacletus. Yield- ing to the entreaties of St. Bernard, he con- demned in 1140 the opinions of Abelard; but soon becoming embroiled in a quarrel with Louis VII. of France, he put his kingdom under an interdict. This difficulty was not yet settled when the Romans, discontented with some of the pope's measures, and excited by the preaching of Arnold of Brescia, rose in arms against Innocent, and reestablished the senate and the tribunes of ancient Rome. The pope died soon after. Forty-three letters of Innocent II. are printed in Labbe's Concilia,