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 INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS 261 each oval could compare the productions in each class of the different nations. The ex- hibition was open from April 1 to Oct. 81 ; there were 60,226 exhibitors and 10,200,000 visitors; the medals and honorable mentions numbered, with 44 grand prizes for especial merit, 12,944, of which United States exhibi- tors received 3 grand prizes, 17 gold, 66 silver, and 94 bronze medals. The exhibition ex- penses, including buildings, were about $4,000,- 000, of which the government and city paid $2,500,000 ; the receipts for admissions, &c., were $2,000,000; and there was a claimed profit of about $600,000. A fishery exhibi- tion at Havre in the same year included fishing boats and all the appliances for curing fish, making fishermen's clothing, &c. A still more important international maritime exhibition of marine engines, nautical instruments, ships' fittings and furniture, fishing boats and tackle, life-saving apparatus, &c., was held at Havre in 1868. There was a local exhibition of the industries of the Northwest Provinces of Brit- ish India at Agra in 1867, and local industrial exhibitions were held in St. Petersburg, Ghent, and Berlin in 1868. The Amsterdam interna- tional exhibition of 1869 had 2,325 exhibitors, and was remarkable for its display of cheap clothing, prepared foods, house fittings, furni- ture, and other articles of domestic economy. The St. Petersburg industrial exhibition of 1870 was local, to show the Russian progress in the manufacture of steel guns, armor plates, rails, locomotives, &c. The intercolonial ex- hibition at Sydney, New South Wales, in 1870, was important in the exhibition of raw pro- ducts, preserved meats, &c. It had 2,914 ex- hibitors, was open 29 days, and there were 184,000 visitors. The London annual inter- national exhibition of 1871, from May 1 to Sept. 30, was the third in the originally pro- posed decennial series, but was made the first of an annual series, each to be devoted to specified branches of industry. It had 1,142,- 154 visitors ; there were about 4,000 fine- art and 7,000 industrial entries, and 33 foreign countries were represented. There were no prizes, and the receipts were equal to the expen- ses. The Italian industrial association began at Milan in 1871 a series of annual exhibitions, each year to be devoted to specialties. Naples held an international maritime exhibition in 1871. Minor exhibitions were hold in 1871, at Jersey, of the products and industry of the Channel islands ; at Lima, of the products and manufactures of the South American Pacific states; and at Cordova, of Argentine industry and of foreign implements adapted to the de- velopment of local resources. The London annual international exhibition of 1872 was devoted principally to the show of arts con- nected with printing, paper, music and musi- cal instruments, jewelry, cotton goods, and fine arts. The Dublin exhibition of the same year comprised chiefly Irish produce and manu- factures, and was held in the building erected in 1853, which had been purchased by Sir Arthur Guinness, and was given rent free for this exhibition. Other exhibitions in 1872 were the international one at Moscow, intend- ed to compare the progress of Russian in- dustry with that of other nations ; the show of Scandinavian industry, with 4,000 exhibitors, at Copenhagen; the universal exhibition of silk, silk goods, furniture, machinery, tools, fine arts, &c., at Lyons; and the display of Colombian products and manufacture at Bo- gota. In 1873 the London annual interna- tional exhibition made a feature of cooking science and apparatus. There was a school of popular cookery, with lectures which from April 14 to Aug. 15 were attended by 31,784 persons. The Vienna international exhibition of 1873 was opened by the emperor May 1 ; the prizes were distributed Aug. 18; and the exhibition closed Oct. 31. The main building, of brick and glass, erected on the Prater, was 2,985 ft. long, 82 ft. wide, and 52 ft. high, with a central dome; and opening out from this hall were 32 transverse galleries 250 ft. long and 49 ft. wide, the whole presenting a form which was compared to a gridiron, or to a fish's spine with the projecting bones. There were also a machinery annex of brick 2,614 ft. long and 155 ft. wide, a large fine- art hall, and numerous smaller buildings. The transverse sections were devoted to different countries in the order of their geographical position, beginning at the southwest main en- trance with North and South America, thence in succession to Great Britain, France, Spain, Scandinavia, Germany, &c. ; China and Ja- pan occupying the remotest sections at the northeast end. The exhibits were classified into 26 groups, following nearly the plan of the divisions in the great exhibitions of Lon- don and Paris ; bnt there were such special features as group 16, devoted to the art of war, and including everything for the equip- ment of an army and the care of the sick and wounded; 17, covering everything re- lating to sea, lake, and river navigation, ship building and fitting, construction of harbors and lighthouses, &c. ; 19, private dwelling houses, inner arrangements, and decorations, to illustrate the domestic economy of different nations ; 20, farm houses, furniture, and uten- sils of different countries; 23, art applied to religion in all the industries and fine arts em- ployed in public worship. There were efforts also to show a history of prices of various im- portant articles, at average periods of five years, as far back as possible, and the gradual conversion of waste into use in manufactured articles. The industries of nearly all the world were represented. The prizes were : 1, grand diplomas of honor ; 2, bronze medals for prog- ress, merit, fine arts, good taste, and cooperators. Of these, 349 were awarded to 643 exhibitors from the United States. The total number of visitors was 7,254,687. The exhibition cost more than $12,000,000; the original gov-