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 232 INDIANA population in 1800 and at subsequent decennial periods was as follows : CENSUS YEARS. White. Free Colored. Slsvei. ToUl. Hank. 1800 5,848 1 68 135 6,641 20 1810 28,890 898 287 24,620 21 1S20 145,758 1,280 190 147,178 IS 1880 39,899 8.1)211 8 848,081 18 1840 678,698 7,165 8 i;-.sr,f, 10 1850 977,154 ll.L'lL' 988,416 7 I860 1870 1,838,710 1,055,887 11,428 5(4,560 1,350.428 1,680,687 6 6 Of the total population in 1870, 857,994 were males and 822,643 females; 1,539,163 were of native and 141,474 of foreign birth; and there were 240 Indians. Of the native-born, 1,048,575 were born in the state, 16,598 in Illinois, 3,483 in Iowa, 76,524 in Kentucky, 3,490 in Massachusetts, 5,693 in Michigan, 6,682 in New Jersey, 29,518 in New York, 24,799 in North Carolina, 189,359 in Ohio, 67,291 in Pennsylvania, 12,276 in Tennessee, and 32,489 in Virginia and West Virginia. Of the foreigners, 4,765 were born in British America, 6,363 in France, 78,060 in Germany, 9,945 in England, 28,698 in Ireland, 2,507 in Scotland, 556 in "Wales, 873 in Holland, 2,180 in Sweden, and 4,287 in Switzerland. The density of population was 49-71 persons to a square mile. The state contained 320,160 fam- ilies, with an average of 5'25 persons each, and 318,469 dwellings, with an average of 5-28 per- sons each. The increase of population from 1860 to 1870 was 24-45 per cent. The number of male citizens 21 years old and upward was 376,780. There were in the state 567,175 per- sons from 5 to 18 years of age ; the total num- ber of persons attending school was 395,263 ; 76,634 persons 10 years of age and over were unable to read, and 127,124 could not write. Of the latter, 113,185 were of native and 13,939 of foreign birth; 53,359 were males and 73,- 765 females; 118,761 were white and 8,258 colored; 11,072 were from 10 to 15 years old, 15,630 from 15 to 21, and 100,422 were 21 and over, of whom 36,331 were white males, 57,651 white females, 3,182 colored males, 3,181 col- ored females, and 77 Indians. The percentage of illiterates 10 years of age and over to the total population of the same age was 10-61, being 8-71 for males and 12-61 for females. The percentage of illiteracy among male adults was 10-09; females, 16-77. The number of pau- pers supported during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 4,657, at a cost of $403,521. On June 1, 1870, 3,652 were receiving support, of whom 2,790 were natives, including 2,583 white and 207 colored, and 862 foreigners. There were 1,374 criminals committed during the year. Of the total number (907) in pris- on June 1, 1870, 755 were of native and 152 of foreign birth; of the natives, 691 were white and 64 colored. The state contained 991 blind, 872 deaf and dumb, 1,504 insane, and 1,360 idiotic. Of the total population 10 [ years of age and over (1,197,936), there were engaged in all occupations 459,369 persons; in agriculture, 266,777, including 83,94'J la- borers, and 181,895 farmers and planters; in professional and personal services, 80,018, of whom 1,787 were clergymen, 22,542 domestic servants, 34,954 laborers not specified, 1,685 lawyers, 3,613 physicians and surgeons, and 5,018 teachers not specified; in trade and trans- portation, 36,517; and in manufactures and mechanical and mining industries, 76,057. The number of deaths from all causes was 17,661 ; from consumption, 2,807, being 1 death from consumption to 6'3 from all causes ; from pneu- monia, 1,514, being 1 from that disease to 11-7 from all causes; from diphtheria and scarlet fever, 594; from intermittent and remittent fevers, 521; from enteric fever, 1,029; from diarrhoea, dysentery, and enteritis, 1,241. In- diana is entirely wanting in mountains, and at least two thirds of the surface is level or un- dulating. It has consequently no watershed, but there are continuous slopes of great ex- tent, and the difference of elevation between the highest land and the Ohio river at the falls is nearly 600 ft., and a considerable dif- ference (about 70 ft.) is observed between the level of the Ohio at the falls and at the mouth of the Wabash. The river hills extend at various distances from and parallel to the course of the Ohio and other streams, and enclose bottom lands which are chiefly rich al- luvions and thickly wooded. These hills along the Ohio are generally as high as the highest levels of the interior, often of a rugged and broken aspect, and where cut through by trib- utaries of the Ohio present much imposing scenery. Behind these a table land spreads out and forms the interior and here every fea- ture is changed ; instead of the bottoms, with their forests, the most varied landscape appears here groves of oak, ash, and other trees, there vast level prairies; and again the sur- face is undulating, and occasionally rises into hills from 100 to 300 ft. high. For topograph- ical description, however, the state may be divided into the valleys of its rivers. The Ohio valley, including that of the Whitewater, contains about 5,500 sq. m. ; this is a limestone region, and was originally clothed with heavy forests. The hills are abrupt and broken, and numerous tributaries of the Ohio break through them. Of this division of the state about two thirds is good fanning land, and the res- idue either too hilly or too sterile for prof- itable cultivation. White River valley extends from the Wabash centrally through the state to the Ohio line, and covers about 9,000 sq. m. It is almost uniformly level, and heavily tim- bered, except in the W. parts, where there are large prairies and barrens and ranges of low rugged hills. Limestone beds exist on White river and between its two forks, and are abun- dant and excellent along the lower part of the river. The soils are of the richest description. Most of the streams are clear and never-failing,