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 INDEPENDENCE INDEX LIBRORDM 199 INDEPENDENCE, I. A town of Washington co., Texas, 80 m. E. of Austin, IS m. from Navasota on the Houston and Texas Central railroad, and 12 m. from Brenham on the W. branch of that line; pop. about 1,000. It is pleasantly situated in the midst of diversified scenery, and contains several public schools, and Baptist, Episcopal, and Methodist churches. It is the seat of Baylor university, chartered in 1845, and Baylor female college, tinder the control of the Baptists. The university had at first a collegiate and a law department (at present suspended) ; in 1866 a theological de- partment was added. In 1873-'4 it had 5 pro- fessors, 2 assistants, 80 students (11 theologi- cal), and a library of 2,700 volumes. II. A city and the capital of Buchanan co., Iowa, on the Wapsipinicon river, and at the intersection of the Iowa division of the Illinois Central rail- road with the Milwaukee division of the Bur- lington, Cedar Rapids, and Minnesota line, 107 m. N. E. of Des Moines ; pop. in 1870, 2,945. It contains a national bank, 10 public schools, including two high schools, two weekly news- papers, and eight churches. It is the seat of one of the state insane hospitals, recently es- tablished, which in November, 1873, had 113 patients. The building, when completed, will accommodate 500. III. A city and the capi- tal of Jackson co., Missouri, on the Missouri Pacific railroad, 10 m. from Kansas City, 4 m. S. of the Missouri river, and 130 m. W. N. W. of Jefferson City; pop. in 1870, 3,184. It contains a national bank, three hotels, three public schools, including a high school, two colleges, and two weekly newspapers. It was settled in 1827, and formerly derived great importance from its position as an entrepot between New Mexico and Utah and the east- ern states, and a place of outfit for emigrant trains to Oregon and California. The Mor- mons settled there in 1837, but were expelled, and took refuge in Illinois and afterward in Utah. Members of one branch of the church have purchased the grounds designed by Jo- seph Smith as the site of the grand temple, and intend to erect the edifice at an early day. They are assembling here quite rapidly. INDEPENDENTS, a Protestant sect which arose in England in the 16th century. The Puritan element, which began to appear within the An- glican church so early as the reign of Henry VIII. and of Edward VI., gave rise in Mary's, reign to secret dissenting congregations, essen- tially independent in church organization and government. Although in one or two instances there are earlier traces of separate congrega- tions, the first open movement toward local churches distinct from the established church was under the leadership of Robert Brown, about 1586. At first they were called Brown- ists ; but their discipline having been modified by John Robinson and Henry Jacob, who had been connected with him, they took the name of Independents, and rapidly spread over Eng- land. From Holland a body of them carried their tenets to America in 1620. They flour- ished in England during the commonwealth, Cromwell himself being in their communion ; but on the restoration the act of uniformity, passed in 1662, excluded 1,900 of their minis- ters from office. The act of toleration, 1689, freed dissenters from the pains and penalties imposed on the exercise of their worship, and in 1691 a temporary union was effected be- tween the English Presbyterians and Indepen- dents. It was not, however, till the repeal of the test and corporation acts in 1828 that the Eng- lish Independents, with other dissenters, were freed from all civil disabilities. Robinson, under whom they were called Independents, is gener- ally esteemed the father of modern Congrega- tionalism. In their subsequent history the In- dependents in England and the Congregation- alists in America have held practically the same ecclesiastical views. Thus the Independent churches of England formed a Congregational union in 1831, and an article of their constitu- tion formally recognizes the fellowship of the churches. Less use of councils is made, how- ever, than by the Congregationalists in America. The name Independent is sometimes used in ecclesiastical discussion to designate those Con- gregationalists who incline toward the princi- ples of independency. In Scotland there is a body called New Independents. It originated in a separation from the church of Scotland about the end of the last century, under the lead of Robert and James Haldane, from whom its members were called Haldanites. Large places of public worship were erected at Robert Haldane's expense in several towns, and acade- mies for the education of preachers were es- tablished in Edinburgh, Dundee, and Glasgow. The New Independents increased rapidly, and in the beginning of the present century had 86 churches; they have at present about 120. They utterly reject any connection of church and state, and make little distinction between the laity and clergy, considering it not irregu- lar that a layman, in the absence of a clergy- man, should administer the Lord's supper, which they celebrate weekly. In other re- spects they differ little in doctrine or worship from other Independents. (See COSGKEGA- TIOXALISM.) INDEX LIBBORFM, a catalogue of books cen- sured by the supreme authority in the Roman Catholic church as prejudicial to faith and good morals. This catalogue is twofold : that of books absolutely forbidden to be read, Index Librorum Prohib itorum ; and that of books forbidden only until they are expurgated or corrected by their author, Index Librorum Ex- purgandorum. It is published by the "Con- gregation of the Index," composed of cardinals designated by the pope, with a secretary, who is by right a Dominican monk, and a body of examining theologians, usually belonging to the other religious orders, and called the contultum. To the consultum are submitted the suspected books, and they report back to the cardinals,