Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/187

 IGUANODON ILINIZA 179 and anterior or canines and incisors ; no teeth on the palate. None of this subfamily are found in America. The common agama (A. colono- rum, Daudin) is the largest of the genus, being from 12 to 16 in. long, of which the tail is more than half ; it is found on the Guinea and Agama cokmorum. Senegal coasts. The spiny agama (A. apinosa, Seba) is short and thick, with short tail and spiny scales ; it ia about 7 in. long, and inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. Some of the acro- donts in Asia and Australia are of very strange forms ; the habits and general appearance are like those of the American iguanas. IGUANODON, a gigantic fossil saurian reptile, discovered by Dr. Mantell in the Wealden for- mation of Great Britain in 1822, and so named from the teeth resembling in shape those of the iguana. The teeth of the iguanodon re- semble those of the iguana also in the elonga- tion and contraction of the base, the expansion Iguanodon. of the crown, the serration of the edges, and the thin coating of enamel ; but the crown is relatively thicker, with a more complicated ex- ternal and internal structure, and the roots are placed in separate sockets as in the crocodile. The vertebra have slightly concave articular surfaces on the body, with nearly flat sides; the neural arch of the dorsals is high and ex- panded, as in other dinosaurians ; the antero- posterior diameter is from 4 to 4J in. ; the spinal canal is completely enclosed by. the neu- ral arches ; the sacral region is of considerable extent, and widely embraced by the iliac bones ; in the tail the spinous processes increase for some distance below the sacrum and then di- minish, and this organ was probably relatively shorter than in the iguana; the ribs are largely developed in the thoracic and abdominal re- gions, and connected both with the body and the transverse process of each vertebra, as in other dinosaurians and in crocodiles, and unlike the iguana and other lizards ; the scapular arch is intermediate between the crocodilian and lizard type, the clavicle being more than 3 ft. long; the pelvic arch has rather a lacertian character ; the thigh bones are stout, and about 3 ft. long, with the head rounded and produced, as in mammals, over the inner side of the shaft, and a singularly flattened trochanter, and must have supported the heavy body in a manner like that of the large pachyderms ; the bones of the leg are robust and about 2J ft. long, and the whole extremity bears little resemblance to that of the iguana ; the feet resemble those of saurians. This reptile has been estimated by Owen as about 28 ft. in length, of which the head was 3 and the tail 13 ft. ; it stood higher on the legs than any existing saurian, and was terrestrial in its habits ; the worn condition of the teeth indicates that it was a herbivorous animal. It belongs to the family of dinosau- rians with meyalosaurvs, hylaosaurus, and pelorosaurvs, and is found in the Wealden and cretaceous f ormations. The /. Mantelli (Cuv.), from the characters of the worn dental surfaces, must have performed a true process of masti- cation, and the glenoid cavity must have per- mitted a lateral movement of the lower jaw ; the large facial foramina indicate more fleshy cheeks and lips than in any existing saurians. Dr. Mantell was of opinion that it had a nasal integumental horn. HIRE, Johan, a Swedish philologist, born in Lund, March 3, 1707, died Dec. 1, 1780. His father, of Scotch descent, was for a time pro- fessor of theology at Upsal. He graduated at the university in 1730, and in 1738 became professor of belles-lettres and political science. His Olossarium Sueco-Gothicum (2 vols., Upsal, 1769) was prepared under the patronage of the government, which allowed him in 1756 a grant of 10,000 Swedish dollars. His dissertations on the Eddas and on Ulfilas are important. ILI, or Eelee, a river of central Asia, which rises on the northern slope of the mountains of Thian-shan-nan-lu, traverses a part of east- ern Turkistan, and flows into Lake Tengiz or Balkash, near the borders of Siberia. Its length is about 450 m. ILIAD. See HOMER. II.IM/A, Ilinissa, or Illinissa, Pyramids of, cer- tain peaks of the Cordilleras of Quito, in South