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 IIOSANNA HOTBED ner, and a collection of duplicate specimens of plants from the herbarium of Linnaaus. This collection of dried plants gathered by Linnaeus now constitutes a part of the museum of the lyceum of natural history of New York. In 1795 he was appointed professor of botany in Columbia college, and in 1797 of materia med- ica. In 1807 he became professor of materia medica and of midwifery in the newly created college of physicians and surgeons, and in 1811 of the theory and practice of physic and clini- cal medicine, to which were afterward added obstetrics and the diseases of women and chil- dren. He retained his post after the union of the two rival medical faculties of Columbia college and the college of physicians and sur- geons in September, 18.13. Resigning with the rest of the faculty in 1826, he aided in organi- zing the Rutgers medical school, which ceased in 1830. Dr. Hosack held several public medi- cal offices, and was prominent in the promo- tion and management of municipal institutions. He founded in 1810, with Dr. Francis, the "American Medical and Philosophical Regis- ter," and was a fellow of the royal societies of London and Edinburgh. Among his works are : "A Biographical Memoir of Hugh Wil- liamson, M.D., LL.D." (8vo, 1820); "Essays on Various Subjects of Medical Science" (3 vols.. 1824-'30) ; " System of Practical Nosolo- gy "(1829); "Memoirs of De Witt Clinton" (4to, 1829); "Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Physic," edited by the Rev. II. W. Ducachet, M.D. (1838). HOSANNA (Heb. JiosMah na, Save, we pray), in Jewish antiquity, a form of acclamation on joyous and triumphal occasions. At the feast of tabernacles it was customary to sing Ps. cxviii. 25, which contains the words hoshfah na, while the people carried green boughs of palm and myrtle and branches of willow. Hence the prayers were called hosanna, and the seventh day of the feast the great hosanna. The term was employed as a salutation to Christ on his public entry into Jerusalem. IIOSKA, the first of the minor prophets. He was the son of Beeri, commenced his prophecy about 785 B. C., and exercised his office at in- tervals for about 60 years. He was a resident of the kingdom of Israel, against which most of his prophecies are directed, rebuking and threatening the people for their sins, and ex- horting them to repentance. His style is con- cise, sententious, and abrupt ; and his prophe- cies are in one continued series, without any distinction as to the times when they were de- livered or their subjects. HOSMER, Harriet C., an American sculptor, born in Watertown, Mass., Oct. 9, 1830. She studied sculpture in the studio of Mr. Steven- son in Boston, also with her father, a physician, and in the medical college of St. Louis. In the summer of 1851 slie commenced her first sriginal work, a bust of Hesper. Late in 1852 she went to Rome, entered the studio of Gib- bon, and passed her first winter in modelling from the antique. Her busts of Daphne and Medusa were her first attempts at original de- sign in Rome, and were followed by a statue of CEnone. For the public library of St. Louis she also executed her " Beatrice Cenci." In 1855 she modelled a statue of Puck, the popu- larity of which procured her orders for nearly 30 copies. In 1859 she finished a colossal sta- tue of " Zenobia in Chains." This was followed by a statue of Thomas II. Benton in bronze for Lafayette park, St. Louis, and a " Sleeping Faun." She still resides in Rome (1874). HOSPITAL (Lat. hospitalia, apartments for guests), an institution for the reception and relief of the sick, wounded, or infirm. The word has undergone great changes of significa- tion. The earliest known hospital for the sick was founded in the latter part of the 4th cen- tury at Caesarea ; St. Chrysostom built one at his own expense in Constantinople ; and Fabi- ola, the friend of St. Jerome, founded one at Rome. The Hotel-Dieu in Paris, founded in the 7th century, has long been the largest and finest hospital in the world. It was rebuilt in the 12th century, and has been extended from time to time until now it covers five acres. The Hotel-Dieu of Lyons, said to have been founded by Childebert in the 6th century, al- most equals it. Rome had 24 hospitals in the 9th century; and in the llth they began to be established for pilgrims in the Holy Land. Archbishop Lanfranc built a hospital at Can- terbury in 1070. The oldest hospitals in Lon- don are St. Bartholomew's, which dates from 1546; Bethlehem, 1547; and St. Thomas's, 1553. In all civilized countries every consid- erable city now lias one or more hospitals, sustained by charity, endowment, or govern- ment grants. Frequently they are connected with medical schools, for mutual advantage. Many have elaborate and costly buildings ; but the latest theories are not in favor of perma- nent structures, which are believed to harbor the germs of disease. Military field hospitals, first known in the 6th century, have now, in connection with the ambulance system (see AMBULANCE), been made highly efficient. A yellow flag is the sign of a hospital. HOSPITALLERS. See SAINT JOHN OF JERU- SALEM,- KNIGHTS OF. HOTBED, in gardening, a bed of earth en- closed by a frame, which is covered by movable sashes, and heated from below by means of fermenting vegetable matter. In large estab- lishments the hotbed is replaced by a glass structure heated by flues or by hot-water pipes. (See GBEENHOUSE.) When vegetables are made to grow out of their proper season, they are said to be forced ; large quantities of lettuce, radishes, &c., are forced for market in hotbeds during the winter months. The most general use of the hotbed is in starting such seeds as would germinate very slowly, if at all, in the open ground, and to' forward plants for an early crop of those kinds that are later sown in the open air ; by the use of the hotbed, plants six