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 IIYRTL HYSTERIA 139 took several other cities from the Syrian king- dom, and not only conquered the Idumoeans, but compelled them to submit to the Mosaic ritual. He also formed an alliance with the Romans. In the latter part of his reign he abandoned the sect of the Pharisees for that of the Saddueees, thereby incurring much odium. He was succeeded by his son Aristo- bulus, who took the title of king of Judea. II. Hyrcanns II., grandson of the preceding, born about 109 B. C., beheaded in 30. He was the eldest son of Alexander Jannreus and his wife Alexandra, daughter of John Hyrcanus. On his mother's death (71) he succeeded to the kingdom, but the power was soon wrested from him by his younger brother Aristobulus. When Pompey made himself master of Jeru- salem in 63, he reinstated Hyrcanus in the gov- ernment as a tributary prince. Dissensions again deprived him of power, but when Cajsar reconstructed the state he was once more re- stored as high priest, Antipater having civil authority as procurator. Herod, the younger son of Antipater, succeeded his father as pro- curator, and betrothed himself to Mariamne, the granddaughter of Hyrcanus. In a new attack by Antigonus, the only surviving son of Aristobulus, who was aided by the Parthians, Hyrcanus was taken prisoner; his ears were cut off to render him incapable of holding the office of high priest, and he was banished to Babylonia, where the Parthian monarch and oriental Jews treated him with distinction. After some years he returned to Jerusalem, where Herod had now established himself in the sovereignty and had married Mariamne. Becoming jealous of his claims to the throne, Herod caused him to bo put to death. HYRTL, Joseph, an Austrian anatomist, born at Eisenstadt, Hungary, Dec. 7, 1811. He stud- ied at Vienna, became in 1837 professor of anat- omy at Prague, and was recalled to Vienna in 1845 in the same capacity, became rector of the university, and retired March 1 6, 1 874. He is distinguished for his labors in comparative anatomy, his investigations on the organ of hearing, and the invention of many anatomical instruments. He was the first to introduce a knowledge of topographical anatomy into Germany, and published a manual relating to this branch of science (2 vols., 1847 ; 5th ed., 1865). His Lehrbuch der Anatomic des Men- schen (1847; llth ed., 1870) is a text book in German universities, and has been translated into many foreign languages. Among his other principal works are ffandbuch der praktischen Zergliederunfiskumt (1860), an elaborate de- scription (1865) of the museum of comparative anatomy, which he had founded, and Das Nie- reribecken der Saugefhiere und des Menschen (Vienna, 1870). His preparations, famous for many years, demonstrate by colored material injected through some of the principal arteries the presence of the microscopic arteries and veins accompanying the lacteal vessels in the minute intestinal papilla?. By the same means he demonstrated in 1874 the presence of a vascular net in the cornea of the eye, and after many ineffectual attempts he succeeded in fill- ing the arteries and veins of an infant eight days old from the umbilical vein with coloring matter so perfectly as to reach and penetrate the minute arteries and veins of both cornese. HYSSOP (hyssopus ojficinalis, Linn.), a per- ennial aromatic plant, of the natural order labiates, a native of Europe, and cultivated there and in the United States in gardens. Its flowers, violet-colored or blue, and its leaves, are used in medicine, though but little by reg- ular practitioners. It is a warm and gentle stimulant, promotes expectoration of the mu- cus, and is used in chronic catarrhs, especially by old people. The hyssop of Scripture is the caper tree, capparia tpinosa (Linn.), which abounds in the south of Europe, in lower Egypt, and in Syria. HYSTERIA (Gr. vortpa, womb), a disease char- acterized by great excitability of the nervous system, especially of the sensory ganglia, with- out necessary structural lesion, and manifest- ed by disordered states of the emotional na- ture, with loss of the power of controlling the thoughts and feelings, by spasmodic symp- toms, and occasionally by perversion or sus- pension of the intellectual faculties. It re- ceived its name from the idea that it is peculiar to the female sex, originating in some disturb- ance of the uterine functions ; but, though by far the most common in females, and generally connected with disorder in the generative sys- tem, it may also occur in males ; a common name for it is " the vapors." The nervous symptoms predominate, varying in character and intensity according to the temperament of the individual, the nature of the causes, and the persistence of the disease. In the beginning it generally manifests itself by an exaggeration of the ordinary signs of emotional excitement, such as smiles and tears, irrepressible laugh- ter and convulsive sobs, brought on by trifling causes ; the nervous excitability increases, un- til violent convulsions of an epileptic or tetanic character arise from slight stimuli, with coma, opisthotonos, trismus, paralysis, cramps, end- ing often in monomania or moral insanity. The paroxysms are sometimes of frightful intensity, requiring the strength of several persons to restrain a delicate female and prevent self- injury ; after an attack the patient may be ex- hausted and almost insensible, and in a state of double consciousness, or much agitated, laugh- ing or crying at the strangest fancies ; at times the person falls insensible, breathing at long intervals, recovering with a sense of fatigue and coldness, or with involuntary emission of limpid urine. In cases where the nervous symptoms are less prominent, there are pain and a sense of heat and fulness in the region of the uterus, constriction of the throat with difficulty and increased desire of swallowing, a feeling as if a ball were rolling from the abdo- men up to the epigastrium and throat with a