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 HUTTEN BUTTON 95 badly treated, and starving, he enlisted as a soldier in the emperor's army. The results of his Italian studies were embodied in the satire of Oinj- (" Nobody "). He returned to Ger- many, suffering from his old disease, in 1514. He thought he had succeeded in effecting a cure by the use of gum guaiacum, and wrote a treatise, De Guaiaci Medicina et Morbo Gallico. An accident now brought him into note. Duke Ulrich of Wiirtemberg had fallen in love with the wife of his cousin Johann von Hutten, and murdered the husband. When Hutten heard of this he wrote his " Deplora- tions," in which he cried for vengeance. He availed himself of this deed to call on German towns to free themselves from ducal tyranny. His denunciations made the tyrant a byword. But a short time elapsed before Hutten found himself in a new quarrel, ardently defending Reuchlin, who as a scholar was protesting against the wholesale destruction of all He- brew books, for which the Cologne Obscurants were clamoring. With the aid of many friends he published the celebrated Epiitolas, Olism- rorum Virorum, a work which greatly aided the reformation, and previous to this his Tri- umphus Capnionis (" The Triumph of Reuch- lin "), the publication of which was long de- layed by the scruples of Erasmus. In 1515 he again went to Eome, ostensibly to study law ; but having become involved in a quarrel, he fled to Bologna, which he was obliged to quit for a like reason. After visiting Ferrara and Venice, he found it necessary to return to Germany. At Augsburg he was presented to the emperor, who gave him in public the spurs of knighthood. He was then sent by the elector of Mentz on a mission to Paris, where he established intimate relations with the learned. Retiring to his family castle of Steckelberg, Hutten, having written by way of introduction several epigrams on Pope Ju- lius II., edited the work of Laurentius Valla entitled De Falso Credita et Ementita Dona- time Cowtantini Magni (1517). In 1518 he found a protector in Albert, margrave of Brandenburg, whom he invited in a glowing panegyric to place himself at the head of united Germany. In the same year he accompanied the margrave to the diet of Augsburg, where Luther was to reply to Cajetan. But " Hut- ten, now the brilliant knight, troubled himself but little as to the poor Augustinian monk ;" he was full of a project for uniting the princes of Europe against the Turks, and was fascinated with the idea of becoming an influential states- man. The work in which he preached this crusade he printed himself at Steckelberg in 1519, entitling it Ad Principe* Germania, ut Helium Turcu invehant Exhortatoria. In it he upbraids the court of Rome and the German nobility. These latter had been previously more fiercely attacked in his " Dialogue of the Court Enemy," in which Hutten boldly as- sumes a tone like that of modern republican- ism. In 1519 he left the margrave to join 420 VOL. ix. T Franz von Sickingen in the Swabian league against his old enemy Ulrich of Wiirtemberg. Yet during this war he wrote the "Triad," a most vehement diatribe against Rome, and edited two books of Livy hitherto unpublished. The war over, he retired to the castle of Sickin- gen, whence he sent forth the bitterest attacks on Rome. He discovered in the library of Ful- da a manifesto of Henry IV. against Gregory VII., and turned its German sentiment to such account that Leo X. demanded him as a pris- oner. Driven from his castle, he took refuge in Ebernburg, and now began to write in German prose and verse ; and these tracts are among his most daring productions. For a short time he fought in the army of Charles V. at the siege of Metz ; and at this time Francis I. offered him the place of councillor at his court. Hutten next wandered to Switzerland, and CEcolampadius led him to Basel, where he hoped for support from Erasmus, who however turned against him, and even took pains to set the council of Zurich against him. Finally Zwingli obtained for him an asylum on the island of Ufnau in the lake of Zurich, where, worn out by war and suffering, he ended his short and tumultuous life. Among his works not mentioned above are Dialogi, Fortuna, Ferris (including the Trias, Mentz, 1520), and his poems (Frankfort, 1538). His collected works were published by Munch (6 vols., Ber- lin, 1821-'7). An Index Bibliographieus Hut- tenianus was published by Booking at Leipsic in 1858, and a new edition of his works in 7 vols. in 1859. Many biographies of Ilutten have been written ; one of the best and most recent is that by Strauss (2 vols., Leipsic, 1857 ; 2d ed., 1871). HlTTOJf, Charles, an English mathematician, born in Newcastle-on-Tyne, Aug. 14, 1737, died Jan. 27, 1823. At the age of 18 he be- came an usher in the village of Jesmond, and some years later the master of the school. In 1760 he removed to Newcastle, where he wrote his "Practical Treatise on Arithmetic and Book-Keeping" (1764). His "Treatise on Mensuration " (1771), and " Principles of Bridg- es, and the Mathematical Demonstration of the Laws of Arches" (1772), led to his being chosen in 1773 professor of mathematics in the military academy of Woolwich. He was elected fellow of the royal society in 1774, and was foreign secretary of that body from 1779 to 1783, when he resigned. He published a large number of papers in its "Transactions," and made all the mathematical calculations for Maskelyne's experiments for determining the mean density of the earth. About 1795 he un- dertook, aided by Drs. Pearson and Shaw, the labor of abridging the " Philosophical Transac- tions." The work was completed in 1 809, Hut- ton receiving 6,000 for his share in it. Being compelled by bad health to resign his profes- sorship at Woolwich, he received a retiring pension of 500. His principal works, in ad- dition to those above mentioned, are : " Tables