Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/804

 788 COCKERILL COCKROACH Munich. He also directed many excavations in Italy. In 1840 he became professor of archi- tecture in London, acquiring eminence by his learning and ability, and was made a member of the principal academies of Europe. He was employed as architect by the bank of Eng- land, superintending its buildings for more than 20 years. He wrote extensively on ar- chaeological subjects, and in 1860 published an account of his excavations. COCKERILL, John, an English engineer, born in Lancashire, Aug. 3, 1790, died in Warsaw in 1840. He was the youngest son of an English machinist who had been employed in Belgium. John, with his brother James, also went to that country at an early age. After some pre- liminary experience, the former in 1816 estab- lished a machine shop at Seraing, which be- came one of the largest in Europe. In the height of his prosperity 2,000 workmen were employed there. This immense establishment belonged one half to the king of Holland, and one half to Cockerill ; but at the revolution of 1830 the latter bought the king's share and remained sole proprietor. In 1839 he failed. COCKERMOITH, a market town and parlia- mentary borough of Cumberland, England, at the confluence of the Cocker and Derwent, 24 m. 8. W. of Carlisle; pop. in 1871, 7,057. The ruins of a castle, founded toward the close of the llth century, and razed by the parlia- mentary forces in 1648, are on a height on the left bank of the Cocker. The town has a free grammar school, some almshouses, and manu- factures of linens, woollens, cottons, hats, and hosiery. Near it are extensive coal mines. The poet Wordsworth was born here. COCKLE, the common name of the bivalve shells of the genus cardium, universally dis- tributed, of which about 200 living species are known, besides about 270 fossil species belong- ing to the upper Silurian formation. The shell is of ventricose form with prominent um- bones. The animal is furnished with a pow- Cockle (Cardium edul.-). erful foot adapted for burrowing in the sand ; and by first bending and then suddenly straight- ening it, he can also use it to throw himself a considerable distance. C. edule lives in the brackish water of the Thames as high as Graves- end, and is found in the Baltic, Black sea, and Caspian. On the coast of Devon a large prickly species {C. aculeatum) is eaten. The cockle of the New England coast is the C. Islandicum, COCKNEY (probably from Lat. coquina, a kitchen, and related to the Fr. Cocagne and It. Cuccagna, an imaginary country of luxurious idleness), a nickname applied to a certain class of Londoners. It has been interpreted to mean a person so delicately nurtured as to be igno- rant and incapable of labor, hardship, or any rudeness. The name occurs in verses as an- cient as the reign of Henry II. When, during and prior to the reign of Henry VIII., the sages of the Middle Temple were accustomed to disport themselves on Childermas day, it was ordained that the king of the cockneys, with his marshal, butler, constable, and other officers, should be entertained with due service, in "honest manner and good order." The modern cockney mispronunciation consists in the abuse of the consonant r appended to words ending in a vowel, as Apollar, sofar, lor, for Apollo, sofa, law. The cockney school of literature is an appellation under which the wits of " Blackwood's Magazine," in its earlier num- bers, assailed Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt, Keats, and some other young authors. COCKROACH d'l'itt,,. Linn.), an insect be- longing to the order of orthoptera, and to the group of runners or cursoria, having straight wings, and all the legs adapted for rapid motion. The genus blatta has five articulations to the tarsi ; the wings are folded lengthwise ; the wing covers are oval, horizontal on the top of the back, and overlapping on their inner edges ; the body is oval and flattened; the antenna? are long and thread-like ; the legs have small spines. Cockroaches are general feeders, eat- ing indiscriminately both animal and vegetable substances. They undergo only a partial meta- morphosis, their changes consisting in the in- crease and development of the wings and their covers, which exist as mere rudiments in the nymph state ; in other respects the nymph and larva are like the perfect insect, walking and feeding in the same manner. They are noc- turnal insects, and live both in the woods and in houses. They run with considerable swift- ness. There are several species ; those indige- nous to this country, are found exclusively in woods, under stones and leaves, while the com- mon species, originally from Asia, infests dwell- ing houses, preferring warm and dark closets, ovens, and hearths, whence they issue at night in search of food. The oriental cockroach (blatta orientalis, Linn.) is spread extensively over Europe and America, especially in the maritime towns, being imported from the Le- vant in ships' cargoes. In many houses they are a perfect pest, devouring all kinds of ani- mal and vegetable articles of food, and even i on the approach of a light they escape with
 * destroying clothing, leather, cotton, and wool ;