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 CASTILE CASTILLO 71 self-respecting. Castile was perhaps never en- tirely subjugated by the Moors, and became fully independent after the middle of the 8th century, being ruled by counts. It was erected into a kingdom in 1033, when Ferdinand, son of Sancho III., king of Navarre, was made king. Upon the death of Bermudo III., king of Leon, in 1037, that kingdom was united to Castile. The two crowns of Castile and Leon were afterward separated and again united several times, until in 1479, Ferdinand II. of Aragon having married Isabella, queen, of Castile and Leon, the three kingdoms were united into one. (See SPAIN.) II. Old, the northern division of Castile, bounded N. by the bay of Biscay and the Basque provinces, E. by Navarre and Aragon, S. by New Castile, and W. by Leon and Asturias ; area, 25,409 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 1,716,193. It is of very irregular shape, stretching from S. W. to N. E. In the north the Cantabrian range of moun- tains runs across the province. On the south it is divided from New Castile by the Sierra de Guadarrama, the Somosierra, and a con- tinuing chain, which under different names forms also the E. boundary. The rivers are the Duero (Douro) in its upper course, its affluent the Pisuerga in the centre, and the Ebro on the north. There are numerous minor streams : the Riaza, Cega, Piron, Eresma, and Adaja, tributaries of the Duero; the Oca, Tiron, and Oja, affluents of the Ebro. These are torrents after rains, but in summer many of them are insignificant. The climate is dry and hot in the summer, dry and cold in the winter. The plains are almost deserts, whose vegetation affords but a scanty pasturage, and disappears entirely under the summer sun. On the sea- coast, and in the mountains, valleys, and hill slopes, nature is much less sterile. Old Castile includes the provinces of Avila, Burgos, Lo- grofio, Palencia, Santander, Segovia, Soria, and Valladolid. The general occupation of the peo- ple in the interior is agriculture and grazing. In the towns some inferior manufactures, chiefly of coarse woollens, cotton, linen, leather, and glass, are carried on. Sheep and cattle are reared in large numbers and exported. Wheat and corn are also exported, and wines and fruits are produced in abundance. III. New, the southern division, bounded N. W. and N. by Old Castile, E. by Aragon and Valencia, S. by La Mancha, and W. by Estremadura; area, 20,178 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 1,289,415. It is divided into the provinces of Madrid, Toledo, Guadalajara, and Cuenca. The princi- pal rivers are the Tagus and its tributaries, the Tajufla, Henares, Jarama, Guadarrama, and Guadiela, and the Jucar, which falls into the Mediterranean, and its tributaries, the Guadazaon and Gabriel. The climate is the same as that of Old Castle. Large crops of wheat are raised, and the mountain slopes afford abundant pasturage. The vine is cul- tivated, and olives and oil, saffron, honey, and hemp are produced in considerable quantities. Woollens, paper, linen, cotton, and silk are manufactured. CASTILLA, Don Ramon, a Peruvian general, born at Tarapaca, Aug. 30, 1797, died May 25, 1867. He entered the Spanish army in 1816, and was made lieutenant in 1820. Soon after- ward he joined the army of independence, and was made lieutenant colonel. In 1830 he went to Lima, and was appointed by Gamarra chief of staff of the whole army. He was made brigadier general by Orbegoso, the provisional president, whom he supported until the treaty with Santa Cruz, the president of Bolivia. He then fled to Chili, and in 1837 joined the army of the Peruvian patriots who marched against Santa Cruz. Castilla was second leader of the vanguard at the attack upon Lima and defeat of Orbegoso, and made common cause with Gamarra, who was proclaimed president by the patriots, while Castilla was appointed minister of war. In 1841 he was second in command of the Peruvian army which invaded Bolivia. In 1844 he overthrew the dictator Vivanco, and in the following year he was elected president of Peru. At the expiration of his term of office in 1851 he was succeeded by Gen. Echenique. Soon after, the adminis- tration of the latter having become unpopular, Castilla began a revolution at Arequipa, over- came Echenique, and entered Lima in 1865 as supreme ruler of the country. In this capacity he made many reforms, the most important of which was the abolition of slavery. He was reflected president in 1858, and two years afterward proclaimed a new constitution, which established universal suffrage and prohibited the exercise of every form of religion except the Catholic. In 1861 he made an unsuccess- ful attempt to annex Bolivia to Peru. In 1862 he was succeeded as president by Gen. San Ramon, and he in 1863 by Pezet. Castilla, having assumed a hostile attitude toward the latter, was arrested in 1865, but soon gained his liberty, and joined the movement under Prado. In 1867 he headed an insurrection against Prado, and was on his way to Arica when he died. CASTILLEJO, Crlstoval de, a Spanish poet, born at Ciudad Rodrigo toward the close of the 15th century, died in Vienna probably in 1556. At- tached from the age of 15 to Ferdinand, the younger brother of Charles V., and afterward emperor of Germany, he subsequently officiated as secretary to that prince. He was a zealous champion of the old Spanish poets, and a decided opponent of the new Italian school. One of his most fanciful and characteristic poems is entitled " Transformation of a Drunkard into a Mosquito." His poetry, though circulated in manuscript, was forbidden by the inquisition, but a selection was permitted to be printed in 1573. His works were published in Antwerp in 1598, in Madrid in 1600, and reprinted in Fer- nandez's " Collection of Spanish Poets," 1792. CASTILLO, Diego Enriqnez de, a Spanish chron- icler of the 15th century, born at Segovia. Hit*