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 70 CASTELSARRASIN CASTILE CASTELSARRASIN, a town of France, in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 35 m. N. W. of Toulouse ; pop. in 1866, 6,838. It has facto- ries of hats, woollen goods, linen, and hosiery, and a large oil and saffron trade. CASTEL-VETRANO, a town of Sicily, in the province of Trapani, situated on a hill 6. m. from the sea, 45 m. S. W. of Palermo ; pop. in 1872, 20,420. The town is well built, and has a considerable trade in wine and olives. CASTI, Giovanni Battista, an Italian poet, born at Prato, Tuscany, in 1721, died in Paris, Feb. 6, 1803. He was for some time professor in the seminary of Montefiascone, and afterward obtained a canonry in the cathedral there. Having gained the favor of Joseph II. of Aus- tria, he spent several years as unpaid attach.6 to foreign embassies, and at the death of Me- tastasio in 1782 he received the appointment of poet laureate at the court of Vienna ; but he relinquished this office after the death of the emperor Joseph, and spent the last years of his life in Paris. In early life he had written 18 poetical tales, and afterward added 30 more, making altogether 48, published in Paris in 1804, under the title of Novelle galanti, all loose. His fame depends on a political satiri- cal poem, Gli animali parlanti (Paris, 1802). It has been translated into French and Span- ish, and there is an abridged English version. He also produced several burlesque operas. (Kl I (.MOM:. I. A village of Italy, near the lake of Gabii, 10 m. E. of Rome. It occupies the site of the ancient city of Gabii, and is rich in remains of antiquity. Old walls, por- tions of a temple of Juno, a Grecian theatre, and an aqueduct are among its most interest- ing ruins. II. A village of Italy, on the Sti- viere, near the Lago di Garda, 16m. S. E. of Brescia. The vanguard of the Austrian army under Wurmser was defeated here, Aug. 3, 1796, by the French under Augereau, and the main body two days later by Gen. Bonaparte. The battle of Solferino, June 24, 1859, was fought almost on the same ground. CASTIGLIONE, Baldassart, an Italian states- man and author, born at Casatico, near Man- tua, Dec. 6, 1478, died at Toledo, Spain, Feb. 2, 1529. His career commenced in the military service of the duke of Milan, but he is better known as a diplomatist, in which capacity he was intrusted by the dukes of Urbino with im- portant missions to Henry VII. of England, Louis XII. of France, and Pope Leo X. He became a favorite of this pontiff, and was regarded as one of the ornaments of his court. Clement VII. subsequently sent him as nuncio to Ma- drid, but shortly after his arrival Rome was sacked by the imperialists under the constable de Bourbon. It was not possible for Casti- glione to have foreseen or prevented this catas- trophe, but the reproaches of those who in- sinuated that he had been neglectful of the interests of his country preyed upon his mind and hastened his end. He was universally la- mented, and the emperor Charles V., in an- nouncing his death, exclaimed, " One of the truest gentlemen in Christendom is dead." Cas- tiglione was not a voluminous writer, but hi& published works are models of composition. His work on court life, entitled II libro del cor- tegiano, was first printed by Aldus in 1528, and a version was published in London in 1727. He also published Italian and Latin poems and two volumes of letters. CASTIGLJONE, Carlo Ottavio, count, an Italian philologist and antiquary, born in Milan in 1784, died in Genoa, April 10, 1849. In 1819 he published a description of the Cufic coina in the cabinet of Brera at Milan. His prin- cipal work in oriental literature, Memoire geographique et numismatique sur la partie orientate de la Barbarie appellee Afrikiapar les Arabes (Milan, 1826), is an effort to ascertain the origin and history of the towns in Barbary whose names appear on Arabic coins. In con- junction with Angelo Mai, he published an edition of Ulphilas's Gothic translation of St. Paul's Epistles, which Mai had discovered among the palimpsests of the Ambrosian libra- ry. Most of the dissertations which enrich the work, the publication of which extended through 20 years, were written by Castiglione. CASTIGLIONE, Giovanni Benedetto, called li. GREOHKTTO, a Genoese painter and engraver, born in Genoa in 1616, died in Mantua in 1670. He was a pupil of Paggi and of Ferrari, and according to some of Vandyke, and gained a high reputation as a historical, landscape, and portrait painter, and also as an engraver. Hi specialty, however, was animal painting. Many of his pictures are in the museum at Florence, and in the Louvre at Paris ; and some have found their way to Venice, Milan, Munich, and Dresden. CASTIGLIONE, Giuseppe, an Italian artist and missionary, born in 1698, died in Peking in 1768. He was thoroughly instructed in the art of paint- ing, but joining the order of the Jesuits, Peking was assigned as the field of his labors, and there he passed the greater part of his life, in favor with several successive emperors. He made his art an accessory to his religious labors, and the emperor Kien-Long erected several palaces from designs furnished by him. He is said to have frequently exerted his influence to protect Christians from persecution. CASTILE (Span. Castillo,, so called from the number of its castles). I. An ancient kingdom of Spain, situated in the centre of the peninsu- la, and the source and chief seat of the Span- ish nation. It is divided into Old and New Castile. Old Castile was the northern part, which first shook off the yoke of the Moorish conquerors, while New Castile was so called because it was a later acquisition. The Castiles occupy a large portion of the great central plateau, and their area of 45,000 square miles is about one fourth of that of all Spain. The people, about 3,000,000 in number, are a fine race, the heart of the Spanish nation as they are proverbially called proud, manly, brave, and