Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/76

 68 CASTALIO CASTELLAMARE cles of the god ; it was regarded as a source of inspiration for poets, and had its name, ac- cording to some authorities, from Castalia, the daughter of Achelous, who, being pursued by Apollo, threw herself into the fountain. CASTALIO, or Castalion, Sebastien, a French theologian, born in Dauphiny in 1515, died in Basel, Dec. 20, 1563. His family name was Chateillon, which he latinized into Cas- talion. Through the influence of Calvin he was made professor of classical literature at Geneva. Having quarrelled with Calvin, who caused his banishment in 1544, he repaired to Basel, where he taught Greek ; but as his sti- pend did not suffice to support his numerous family, he was compelled to employ part of his time in agricultural labors. Besides several theological works, he made a Latin translation of the Bible, the best edition of which is in folio (Basel, 1573). He defended the right of free discussion hi a collection of maxims com- piled from various sources. CASTAftOS, Francisco Xayler do, duke of Baylen, a Spanish general, born in Madrid about 1755, died there, Sept. 24, 1852. In early life he was sent with Gen. O'Reilly to the court of Fred- erick the Great to study the art of war, and on his return to Spain he entered the army. When Napoleon invaded Spain, Castafios was appointed captain general of the Spanish ar- mies in Andalusia. At Baylen, July 19, 1808, he encountered a French force under Dupont, who were surrounded and after some fighting forced to capitulate on the 22d, surrendering 18,000 men. He was shortly after routed by Lannes at Tudela (Nov. 23, 1808), and resign- ing his command became a member of the re- gency. In 1811 he was appointed to the com- mand in Estremadura and Galicia, in 1812 was placed by Wellington in charge of the fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo, and early in 1818 was given the command of one of the four armies into which the Spanish forces were then divided. He contributed to Wellington's victory at Vi- toria, but at the close of the year he was re- moved by the new regency, under the pretext that he was needed in the council of state. After the restoration he was made captain gen- eral of Catalonia, an appointment which he re- signed in 1816, but again accepted in 1823. In 1815 he was placed at the head of a force of 80,000 men destined to invade France, in 1833 received the title of duke of Baylen, and after Espartero's fall in 1843 became for a time the guardian of Queen Isabella. He became a sen- ator in 1845. CASTE. See INDIA. CASTELAR, Emllio, a Spanish statesman, born in Cadiz, Sept. 8, 1832. His father, an ex- change broker at Alicante, and afterward at Cadiz, spent seven years in the English posses- sions, chiefly in Gibraltar, to escape from the sentence of death passed on him for his im- plication in liberal movements. He died in Madrid in 1839, leaving his family almost des- titute. Emilio nevertheless received a supe- rior education. He early published novels, and subsequently became known as a demo- cratic journalist and orator. In December, 1856, he was the successful competitor for the chair of history and philosophy in the uni- versity of Madrid, delivering at the same time lectures on the history of civilization in the Athenaeum. He was deprived of his position in 1864, after having founded with Carrascon the journal La Democratic/,. This was suppressed in 1866, owing to his participation in the dis- turbances of June 22, when he was sentenced to death, but escaped in disguise to Switzer- land and thence to France. When the revolu- tion of September, 1868, began, he returned to Spain and was restored to his professorship. He kindled the enthusiasm of the people by his eloquent appeals in favor of democracy, and was elected to the cortes for Saragossa and Lerida. In this body he opposed Prim and Serrano, and subsequently King Amacleus, and became the most popular leader of the republican party. In 1873 he actively promoted the declaration of the republic, and was chosen minister of foreign affairs Feb. 12, and president of Spain Sept. 7, with extraordinary powers. He has publish- ed Diseursos parlamentarios (3 vols., Madrid, 1871), and Recuerdos de Italia (translated by Mrs. Arthur Arnold, " Old Rome and New Italy," London, 1873). CASTEL BRANCO, or Castello Branro, a city of Portugal, in the province of Beira, situated on the Liria, 42 m. N. E. of Abrantes; pop. 6,700. It is the see of a bishop, and has a college, two collegiate churches, and a ruined castle on the summit of the hill on which the town stands. CASTEL-FIDARDO, a town of Italy, in the province and 11 m. S. of Ancona, near Lo- reto, on a range of hills between the Musone and the Aspio ; pop. about 6,500. Near it the Italians under Gen. Cialdini defeated the papal troops under Lamoriciere, Sept. 18, 1860. CASTEL-FRANCO, a town of Italy, in the prov- ince of Treviso, 23 m. N. W. of Venice ; pop. about 5,000. Here the French, on Nov. 23, 1805, gained a victory over the Austrians. CASTELLAMARE, or Castel a Mare. I. A seaport of S. Italy, in the province and 17 m. S. E. of Naples, with which it is connected by railway ; pop. in 1872, 26,381. It is situated on the lower slopes of the Monte d'Auro, along a sheltered beach, and commands an extensive view of the bay of Naples from Vesuvius to Miseno. It is defended by two forts, and con- tains a royal palace, a cathedral, five church- es, several convents, manufactories of linen, silk, and cotton cloth, 12 thermal and mineral springs, and a national dockyard. It has ac- quired celebrity also as a summer resort, in consequence of the salubrity of its air and the beauty of its environs. It is built near the eite of the ancient Stabise, which, having been destroyed by Sulla during the civil wars, was afterward occupied principally by villas and pleasure grounds. It was here that the elder Pliny, wishing to approach as near as possible