Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/696

 684 CLINIAS CLINTON mittee on foreign affairs. He was originally a whig, but subsequently joined the democratic party. In 1858 he was appointed to the United States senate, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Biggs, and in 1860 was elected senator for a full term. Upon the ap- proach of the civil war he opposed measures looking to the use of force against the South. In May, 1861, he was sent as a commissioner to the confederate congress, to give assurances that North Carolina would coSperate with the Confederate States, and was invited to partici- pate in the discussions of that body. In July he was expelled from the senate of the United States, and afterward served as a colonel in the confederate army. He made valuable contri- butions to the knowledge of the geology and mineralogy of North Carolina, especially as to its mountains, one of the highest peaks of which has received his name. CLINIAS. I. The father of Alcibiades. He served with the greatest distinction against the Persians in the naval battle at Artemisium, 480 B. C., with 200 men on board a trireme which he had furnished at his own expense. He was slain at the battle of Coronaaa in 447 B. 0., when the Athenians were defeated by the Boeotian and Euboean exiles. His younger son, also named Clinius, was according to Plato almost a madman. II. A Pythagorean philosopher of Tarentum, a friend of Plato. In obedience to the Pythagorean principle, he was accustomed to assuage his anger by playing upon the harp. When Porus of Cyrene had lost all his fortune through a political revolu- tion, Clinias, who knew nothing of him except that he was a Pythagorean, went to Cyrene and supplied him with money to the full ex- tent of his loss. He, with Amyclas, dissuaded Plato from burning the works of Democritus. CLINOMETER Mir. idlviiv, to incline, and ///- rpov, a measure), an instrument for measuring the angle made by any plane with the horizon- tal, and commonly used for determining the dip of beds of rock and the inclination of veins. It is made in various forms, as in that of a rule with a graduated arc upon the hinge to mark the angle of opening of the two arms. A spirit level attached to one arm serves to keep this in the horizontal plane, while the other is opened to coincide with the plane of the stratum of rock. Another convenient form is made by suspending a small metallic index upon the pivot of the needle of a pocket compass, which, by swinging freely, indicates the vertical line. The box is either square, or one side is furnish- ed with a projecting limb, which forms a tan- gent to the circle at the zero point of the graduation. This tangent line being applied to a horizontal plane, the index marks zero; upon an inclined plane it marks the number of degrees this deviates from the horizontal. In the French marine service, a clinometer is em- ployed for determining the inclination of the keels of vessels at sea, in order to trim them for that draught of water fore and aft at which they are known to sail best. The instrument adopted by the royal marine is that of M. Co- ninck, described in the Dictionnaire du com- merce et des marchandises of M. Perpigna. It is made of two elongated glass bulbs, placed about 18 inches apart, and connected by a glass tube proceeding from their bases. Each bulb i is half filled with mercury. From the upper extremity of each a tube proceeds, parallel , with that at the base to within an inch of meeting, where they turn up in a vertical di- ! rection. To these vertical tubes is attached an index or vertical, which supports a scale of 2 degrees, divided into 120 minutes. Alcohol colored red is poured into the tubes until it fills them up to the point marked zero upon the scale. It rests upon the mercury, which trans- mits to the alcohol its oscillations. A bulb upon the summit of each of the tubes receives the alcohol when the violent movement of the ship causes it to flow over the open ends of the tubes. The angle of inclination being deter- mined by the scale, and the length of the keel being known, the difference of draught at each extremity is easily calculated. CLINTON, the name of nine counties in the United States. I. The N. E. county of New York, bordering on Lake Champlain, bounded N. by Canada and S. by the Ausable river ; area, 952 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 47,970. The surface near the lake is level, but becomes hilly and mountainous toward the western part of the county. Timber is abundant, and the soil is fertile. The mountains contain valuable mines of iron, the ore being abundant, and of superior quality. Dannernora is the seat of a state prison, which in 1871 had 529 inmates. The convicts are employed in digging, separa- ting, and preparing iron ore for the neighbor- ing furnaces. The county is traversed by the Vermont and Canada, the Montreal and Platts- burgh, and the Whitehall and Plattsburgh railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 81,410 bushels of wheat, 106,256 of Indian corn, 520,609 of oats, 92,443 of buckwheat, 41,243 of peas and beans, 844,703 of potatoes, 66,470 tons of hay, 965,608 Ibs. of butter, 151,- 525 of wool, and 163,036 of maple sugar. There were 7,883 horses, 10,972 milch cows, 10,740 other cattle, 40,391 sheep, and 4,466 swine ; 5 manufactories of charcoal, 19 of starch, 4 of woollen goods, 15 of iron, 1 of nails and spikes, 8 grist mills, 14 tanneries, 3 planing mills, 63 saw mills, 3 manufactories of boots and shoes, 3 of carriages and wagons, 1 of cordage and twine, 5 of furniture, 6 of iron castings, 3 of machinery, 3 of perfumery and fancy soaps, 12 of saddlery and harness, 3 of sashes, doors, and blinds, and 9 leather-currying establishments. Capital, Plattsburgh. II. A N. central county of Pennsylvania, traversed by the W. branch of the Susquehanna; pop. in 1870, 23,211. The former area was about 1,000 sq. m., but it has been somewhat diminished by taking a portion for Cameron county. The surface is mountainous, the Allegheny ridge extending