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 60 CASS CASSANDER 1836 he was sent as minister to France. In this capacity he settled the indemnity dis- pute by obtaining the interest withheld when the principal was paid. In 1837 he embarked at Marseilles in the frigate Constitution for Egypt via Constantinople, following the coast, stopping at the principal ports, and making excursions into the interior. He was on ex- cellent terms with Louis Philippe, of whose character he gave a favorable account hi his "King, Court, and Government of France," published in 1840. The most marked incident of his diplomatic career was his attack on the quintuple treaty for the suppression of the slave trade, which led to his resignation in 1842. In January, 1845, he was elected United States senator from Michigan, which place he resigned on his nomination, May 22, 1848, as democratic candidate for the presi- dency. A division in the democratic party in New York gave that state to Gen. Taylor, and secured his election by a majority of 86 elec- toral votes. In June, 1849, Cass was re- elected to the senate for the remainder of his original term. In the next session he vigor- ously opposed the Wilmot proviso, though he was instructed by the legislature of Michigan to vote for it. In 1850 he was a member of Clay's compromise committee, but did not vote for the fugitive slave bill. He was again elected a senator for six years from March 4, 1851. In the democratic convention at Balti- more, in May, 1852, he was a candidate for the presidential nomination, but was unsuccessful. 3n 1854 he voted for Douglas's Kansas-Ne- braska bill proposing a repeal of the Missouri compromise, but including a provision embody- ing Cass's suggestion, in the famous Nichol- son letter, to leave to the inhabitants of the territories the power to .regulate their own institutions, subject only to the constitution of the United States. Subsequently he declined to obey the instructions of the Michigan legis- lature as to his votes on the Kansas question. In the democratic convention at Cincinnati, in May, 1856, he was not a candidate, and warmly concurred in the nomination of Mr. Buchanan, who on his accession to the presi- dency in 1857 nominated Cass as secretary of state. In December, 1860, when Buchanan refused to reenforce Major Anderson and re- provision Fort Sumter, he promptly resigned and closed a public career of 54 years. Du- ring the war he warmly sympathized with the national cause, and lived to see its complete success. He was a man of much ability and of the purest integrity, a fine scholar, and an effective public speaker. In private life he was distinguished for a generous hospitality, which lw? great wealth enabled him to dis- pense. Besides his published works above noticed, he" was author of an " Inquiry respect- ing the History, Traditions, Languages, &c., of the Indians Jiving within the United States " (Detroit, 1828), and of several historical and scientific sketches and addresses. See "Life and Times of Lewis Cass," by W. L. G. Smith (New York, 1856). CASSAGNAC. See GRANIER DE CASSAGNAO. CASSANDER, king of Macedon, son of Antipa- ter, born about 854 B. C., died in 297. Histo- ry gives no account of his life previous to 823, in which year he undertook a journey to Baby- lon, in order to defend his father Antipater from the accusations which had been made against him before Alexander. Cassander's pride, and his contempt for the servility he saw exhibited at the conqueror's court, are said to have of- fended that monarch and caused him to treat his visitor with indignity. Whatever may have been the cause, it seems certain that the inter- view between the two led Cassander to a vio- lent hatred of the great ruler, so undisguised that when Alexander died but a short time after, Cassander's name was everywhere con- nected with a story which attributed his death to poison. "When Antigonus was sent by An- tipater against Eumenes in 321, Cassander was appointed chiliarch, or second in command of the expedition; and on the death of his father in 319, he was confirmed in this office by Poly- sperchon, whom his father, ignoring the claims of his sou, had left regent of Macedonia. In- dignant at being kept in a secondary position, he declared war against Polysperchon, having first formed an alliance with Ptolemy Lagi and Antigonus. Polysperchon had apparently won the favor of the Greek cities by declaring them independent of Macedonia, and Athens was especially well disposed toward him. He had also the influence of Olympias on his side ; and Antigonus, whom he considered the most formidable of his opponents, was at war with Eumenes in Asia. But Cassander's general Ni- canor held Munychia and the Piraeus, the port fortresses of Athens. Polysperchon, accompa- nied by the royal family (Alexander's), began a march into Attica to attack these; but while he delayed in Phocis, where by a treacherous action (see PHOCION) he endeavored to render more secure the allegiance of the Athenians, Cassander suddenly appeared near Athens and occupied the Piraeus with a large force. Poly- sperchon laid siege to it, but meeting with lit- tle success, he left his son Alexander to con- duct the attack and went on into the Pelopon- nesus. Here he met with little resistance until he attacked Megalopolis, whose citizens re- pulsed his army at the same time that his fleet was destroyed by that of Cassander in the Hel- lespont. These defeats caused the Greek states to go over at once to the side of the victor, who treated Athens with clemency, and won friends throughout Greece by his justice and tact. In the mean time he had formed an alli- ance with the wife of King Arrhidrous, Eury- dice, an energetic and intriguing queen, who had determined to free herself from Polysper- chon's oppression, and had herself raised an army with which she did Cassander good ser- vice in holding Macedonia. While he was pur- suing his conquest in Greece, and just as he