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 CLEMENT OF ROME CLEOBULUS 665 and Athenagoras, he esteemed philosophy a divine work, and philosophers the prophets of paganism, whose lessons were to prepare the way for Christ among the gentiles, as the Mo- saic dispensation had prepared it among the Hebrews. Adopting no one of the philosophi- cal schools, and forming no connected scheme of Christian theology, his efforts to reconcile philosophy and religion tended to allegorical interpretations of the Scriptures, and to specu- lations in which the metaphysician is more ap- parent than the Christian. Yet by his com- parison of Christian with Hellenic ideas he ex- erted an important influence upon his age and upon the development of Christian philosophy. His three principal extant works are a horta- tory address to the Greeks (A<tyof irpoTpeirrtKof n-pty "EM^vaf), on the vanity of heathenism and the superiority of the gospel; a treatise (TIaidayay6f) on the moral law of Christianity, rather with reference to the details of life than to general principles; and a discursive collec- tion (Srpw^arelf or Srp<i/zara), containing re- ligious thoughts, philosophical maxims, and various information on topics of antiquity. The best complete edition of his works is by Bishop Potter, in Greek and Latin (2 vols., Oxford, 1715). The principal works concern- ing his life and doctrine are a special treatise of Neander (Heidelberg, 1811) ; Guericke, De Schola qua Alexandria floruit (Halle, 1824- '5) ; Eylert, Clemens von Alexandrien als Phi- losoph und -Dichter (Leipsic, 1832) ; Kaye, " Account of the Writings and Opinions of Clement of Alexandria " (London, 1835) ; Boh- ringer, Die Kirche Christi und Hire Zeugen (2d ed., Zurich, 1861); and Freppel, Clement d 1 Alexandrie (Paris, 1866). CLEMENT OF ROME. See CLEMENT I., pope. CLEMENTI, Mnzlo, an Italian pianist and com- poser, born in Rome in 1752, died at Eves- ham England, March 10, 1832. His father was a silversmith, and the son evinced at a very early age a passion for music, which the father fostered, providing him with the best instructors. His first master was Buroni, afterward first composer of St. Peter's. At seven he was placed under Cordicelli for in- struction in thorough bass, and at nine he was so far advanced as to be able to pass success- fully the rigid examination necessary for ad- mission to the rank of organist at Rome. His next teachers were Santarelli, a distinguished master of singing at Rome, and Carpini, an equally famous contrapuntist. While under the instructions of the latter Clementi com- posed a mass for four voices. When Clementi was 14 years old Mr. Peter Beckford, a nephew of Alderman Beckford, being upon a visit to Rome, was so much struck with his talent, especially as a player upon the harpsichord, that he invited him to England. This invita- tion was accepted, and from this time his interests were mainly in England, where he eventually became a partner in a leading musi- cal house. His first residence in that country was at Mr. Beckford's seat in Dorsetshire, where he was received as one of the family. Here he zealously pursued his studies, becom- ing at the age of 18 the foremost harpsichord player of his day, and composing his second opus, which laid the foundation for the mod- ern sonata form and became a model for future works of that description. This at the time was also estimated as a work of extraordinary difficulty, not to be attempted by any but the best musicians ; but such advances have been made in technical skill that it is now within the reach of players of moderate ability. For some years after this Clementi played the harpsichord at the opera. His reputation in- creased with rapidity and extended to the con- tinent. In 1780 he visited 'Paris, where he was received with enthusiasm. The following year he went to Strasburg, Munich, and Vien- na. At the latter city the emperor Joseph II. invited him to his palace, and be played before the court alternately with Mozart. In 1783 John B. Cramer became his pupil, and about the same time Opus 12, a set of sonatas, was published, upon one of which both Samuel Wesley and Dr. Crotch delivered public lec- tures in London. In 1784 Clementi returned to England, where he remained till 1802, spend- ing much of his time in teaching. Among his most eminent pupils were Cramer, John Field, Zeuner, Kalkbrenner, Berger, and Klengel. He gave up teaching in 1800, and devoted him- self to perfecting the mechanism of the piano. Connecting himself in business with Mr. Col- lard, in time he amassed a fortune ; but he was not idle in his art, composing symphonies and other works for orchestra, and also for piano ; prominent among the latter being his Gradus ad Parnassum. He was highly esteem- ed in England, and passed the latter years of his life in retirement. He retained his technical skill to the close of his life, playing and impro- vising at the age of 80, to Cramer, Moscheles, and others, on one occasion with so much vig- or and execution as to astonish his hearers. CLEMENTINES, the name first given to a col- lection of pontifical constitutions and decrees published in 1313 by Clement V. They are found embodied in the Corpus Juris Canonici, where they form 5 books and 52 titles. In 1317 John XXII. published this body of laws in due form, and sent copies of it to the univer- sities of Paris and Bologna. They were issued in a separate folio volume in Mentz, 1460. CLEOBIS AND BITON. See BITON AND CLEOBIS. CLEOBULUS, one of the seven sages of Greece, a native of Lindus in Rhodes, and the son of Evagoras, lived in the 6th century B. 0. He studied philosophy in Egypt, and was remark- able for personal strength and beauty, and for his enlightened views on female education and on other subjects. He composed songs, rid- dles, and sayings ; among others, an ingenious riddle on the year is attributed to him by Dio- genes Laertius, while others regard it as com-