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 CLEMENT 663 for 51 years. He received the bishopric of Majorca in compensation for his empty pontifi- cate. III. Ippolito Aldobrandini, of a noble Florentine family, born at Fano in 1536, died March 3, 1605. Distinguished for his virtues, he became auditor of the rota, referendary of Sixtus V., and cardinal, and succeeded Innocent IX. in the papal chair, Jan. 30, 1592. The prin- cipal political movement of his reign was the favor which he showed to the league against Henry IV. of France, and the absolution which he gave to that monarch when he made public profession of Catholicism. He strove to make learning and piety flourish in the church, con- demned duels, crowned the poet Tasso, and raised to the cardinalate Baronius, Bellarmin, Du Perron, and other famed men. In his reign began the controversy concerning grace, on occasion of the publication of the works of Molina, which occupied the most distinguished theologians of the 17th century. IX. Giulio Rospigliosi, born at Pistoja in 1600, died Dec. 9, 1669. He was auditor of legation in France, nuncio in Spain, and cardinal, and succeeded Alexander VII. June 20, 1667. He cooperated with Louis XIV. in lulling the controversy be- tween the Jansenists and Jesuits, by obtaining subscriptions to the formula which was styled the " peace of the church." He repaired the finances of the pontifical treasury, and vain- ly sought to unite the Christian princes in aid of the Venetians against the Turks, who were besieging Candia. X. Emilio Altieri, born in Rome, July 13, 1590, elected pope, April 29, 1670, after a conclave of more than four months, died July 22, 1676. In his pontificate began the controversy with France concern- ing the revenues of vacant sees. He wholly abandoned the administration of the govern- ment to Cardinal Paluzzi, his nephew by adop- tion. XI. Giovanni Franeeseo Albani, born at IV- saro, July 22, 1649, succeeded Innocent XII. Nov. 23, 1700, died March 19, 1721. He sup- ported Louis XIV. in the war of the Spanish succession, recognized the archduke Charles only by constraint of the imperial troops which invaded the Papal States in 1709, and the ancient fiefs of the church, Sicily, Sardinia, Parma, and Piacenza, were given to new princes. He had a controversy with Victor Amadeus II., king of Sicily, concerning ecclesiastical jurisdiction in that kingdom, and received with royal honors the son of James II., the pretender to the throne of England. He confirmed the condemnation of the five famous propositions of Jansenius by the bull Vineam Domini (1705) ; and by the bull Uni- genitus (1713) he condemned 101 propositions extracted from the "Moral Reflections" of Quesnel. He promoted literature and the arts, and enriched the Vatican library with valua- ble oriental manuscripts. XII. Lorenzo Corsint, born at Florence in 1652, died Feb. 6, 1740. He was created cardinal in 1706 and bishop of Frascati in 1725, and was elected pope July 12, 1730, as successor of Benedict XIII. One of his first acts was to punish Cardinal Coscia for maladministration under the last pontificate. His reign was troubled by the disagreement between the courts of Vienna and Madrid, which excited fierce wars in Italy, and he in- demnified the cities of Ferrara, Bologna, and Ravenna, which had been pillaged by the im- perial troops. In 1738 he invested Don Carlos with the kingdom of Naples and Sicily, ad- judged to him by the treaty of Vienna. In 1740 he restored the liberties* of the republic of San Marino. He at first applauded the doctrines of St. Thomas, and gave to the schools of the Dominicans the privileges of universities, but afterward showed equal favor to the anti-Thomists. He founded in 1734 the Corsini seminary, designed for the education and conversion of young Greeks ; and his efforts for the promotion of the arts and sciences in Rome were more successful than his political enterprises. XIII. Carlo Rezzonieo, born in Ve- nice in March, 1693, became cardinal in 1737 and bishop of Padua in 1743, succeeded Bene- dict XIV. July 6, 1758, and died Feb. 3, 1769. He actively administered the Papal States, and was in controversy with several of the gov- ernments of Europe throughout his reign. The first question related to the Jesuits, who had been already expelled from Portugal and France, but whom he eulogized and con- firmed in their former privileges by the bull Apostolicam (1765). This, however, did not prevent them from being exiled soon after from Spain, the Two Sicilies, Parma, and Malta. He attempted in vain to maintain ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the duchy of Parma ; and when he excommunicated Duke Ferdinand in 1768, the Bourbons acted in combination against him according to the terms of the family pact, and France seized Avignon,. Naples captured Benevento, and Spain added violence to the persecution of the Jesuits. A splendid mauso- leum, one of the best works of Canova, is erected to his honor in the church of St. Peter. XIV* Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, born at Sant' Arcangelo, Oct. 31, 1705, died Sept. 22, 1774. He received a learned education in the schools of the Jesuits and the convents of the Franciscans, gained distinction as a teacher of philosophy, and became successively direc- tor of the college of St. Bonaventura at Rome, cardinal, and councillor of Benedict XIV. He was elected pope as successor of the prece- ding, May 19, 1769, after the conclave had sat nearly three months, during which all the sov- ereigns of the house of Bourbon had pledged themselves either to obtain from the new pope the suppression of the Jesuits, or to throw off their allegiance to the Roman see. His prede- cessor, in seeking to save the Jesuits, had in- volved himself in a contest with almost all Europe, and in striving to maintain ecclesiasti- cal immunities had alienated a part of his states and had diminished the respect of civil govern- ments for the holy see. Clement XIV. sup- pressed the reading of the bull In Ocena Domini,