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 CLAYTON CLEARCHUS 657 factories, 4 of machinery, 11 of saddlery, 3 of cigars, and 6 breweries. Capital, Elkader. CLAYTON, a village and township of Jeffer- son co., New York, and a port in the collec- tion district of Cape Vincent ; pop. of the township in 1870, 4,082; of the village, 1,020. It is at the terminus of the Utica and Black River railroad, on the St. Lawrence and Chau- mont rivers, and has a landing for vessels ply- ing on the St. Lawrence. CLAYTON, John, an American botanist, born at Fulham, England, about 1690, died in Vir- ginia, Dec. 15, 1773. When about 20 years old he emigrated to Virginia, of which province his father had been appointed attorney general. He was educated as a physician, and was in- defatigable in his botanical researches, ad- dressing papers on the natural history of Vir- ginia to the royal society of London, which were published in the " Philosophical Transac- tions." He also forwarded dried specimens of the flora of Virginia to Gronovius, who in con- junction with Linnaeus published an account of a portion of them (Flora Virginica, parts i. and ii., Leyden, l739-'43). The remainder were described in a third part by the son of Gronovius. Gronovius gave the name Clayto- nia to a genus of purslanes. CLAYTON, John Dliddleton, an American states- man, born in Sussex co., Delaware, July 24, 1796, died at Dover, Nov. 9, 1856. He grad- uated at Yale college in 1815, and soon after began the practice of law in his native state, where he rapidly gained distinction. He was elected to the state legislature in 1824, and subsequently became secretary of state. In 1829 he was elected to the United States sen- ate, and two years afterward was a member of the convention to revise the constitution of Delaware. He was reflected to the senate as a whig in 1835, but resigned his seat in 1837 to accept the appointment of chief justice of Del- aware, which office he held for three years. He again served as United States senator from 1845 to 1849, when he became secretary of state in the cabinet of President Taylor, and held that post until the death of the president in July, 1850, when he was succeeded by Dan- iel Webster. Mr. Clayton was again elected to the senate in 1851, and continued a senator until his death. In the senate he early distin- guished himself by a speech during the fa- mous debate on Foote's resolution, which, though relating merely to the survey of the pub- lic lands, brought into discussion the whole sub- ject of nullification. He also made an impres- sive argument in favor of paying the claims for French spoliations. One of his most re- markable speeches was delivered in 1855 against the message of President Pierce veto- ing the act ceding public lands for an insane asylum. While secretary of state, he negotia- ted in 1850 the celebrated treaty with England, known as the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, guaran- teeing the neutrality of and encouragement to lines of interoceanic communication across Nicaragua or elsewhere. In 1851 he zealously defended that treaty in the senate, and vindi- cated Taylor's administration, and his own character as a statesman. ( LA/OMKY*; (now Kelismari), one of the 12 cities of the Ionian confederacy (Dodecapolis), in Asia Minor, on the bay of Smyrna. It was originally built on the isthmus connecting the Ionian peninsula with the mainland, 20 m. S. W. of Smyrna, but subsequently transplanted from fear of the Persians to an island of the bay, which Alexander the Great afterward connected with the continent by a pier,, remains of which are still visible. ClazomenaB was founded by the Colophonians, but its inhabi- tants were not exclusively lonians. During the Peloponnesian war it belonged to the Athe- nian league, revolted, and returned to its alle- giance. No remains of the ancient city exist, the very stones having been carried away to Smyrna and elsewhere. Near it is the modern village of Vurla, where there is an American missionary school. Anaxagoraswas born here. CLEANTHES, a Greek Stoic philosopher, born at Assus in Asia Minor about 300 B. 0., died in Athens about 220. He followed the profession of an athlete, till, fleeing from a civil commo- tion, he arrived in Athens. Here he supported himself as a water-carrier for gardens, and be- gan to study philosophy, working by night, and applying himself to the lessons of Crates and Zeno by day. He was a disciple of the lat- ter for 19 years, and succeeded him as the head of the Stoic school. He was so slow of concep- tion that he was named "the ass," so laborious that he was styled the second Hercules, and he lived so austerely from his secret nocturnal la- bors that the areopagus summoned him to give an account of his mode of life, and then voted him a present of 10 minee, which Zeno, however, forbade him to receive. The Athe- nians held him in the highest esteem, and but for his interposition would have banished a comic poet who ridiculed him on the stage. He died by voluntary starvation, when an ul- cer threatened to be fatal to him. He wrote many philosophical works, only fragments of which remain. A hymn to Jupiter by him has been preserved by Stobaeus, in which he recog- nizes one supreme God, omnipotent and eter- nal, who governs nature by an immutable law. It is contained with a Latin version in Cud- worth's "Intellectual System." An English translation is found in F. W. Newman's work entitled " The Soul." CLEARCHUS, a Lacedromonian general, dis- tinguished in the last years of the Pelopon- nesian war, and at its close sent to Thrace to protect the Greeks against the barbarians. Re- called by the ephors, he refused to obey, and was sentenced to death. He then went over to Cyrus the Younger, governor of Lydia and other provinces of Asia Minor, and followed him (401 B. C.) as commander of 13,000 enlist- ed Greek mercenaries, on his expedition against his brother Artaxerxes II. None of his fol-