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 CLARKSOX CLAUDE LORRAINE 643 every vessel lying in a British harbor which had been engaged in the slave trade ; obtained specimens of the industry and manufactures of the native African tribes for exhibition ; and finally caused an engraving to be made giving an accurate view of the interior of a slave ship, with its cells, gratings, and barricades for the confinement of tbe blacks. These measures created a powerful excitement in England on the subject of the traffic in slaves. Mr. Clark- son followed up these efforts by pamphlet after pamphlet, and in 1788 gave to the world his work on " The Impolicy of the Slave Trade." Immediately after the publication of this work he went to France to advocate the cause in that country. He there met with sympathy and encouragement from Louis XVI. and Necker, his celebrated minister, as well as from the most influential nobles and clerical dignitaries of the nation. Although he en- countered great opposition in England, he soon found several zealous supporters, including Wilberforce, Whitbread, and Sturge. Whit- bread, one of the wealthiest of his friends, of- fered to make good all injuries which any in- dividual might suffer in his business from aiding and abetting in this movement. The struggle was a long one, and strenuously fought, both in parliament and out of it; every year Clark- son published a new assault on the slave trade, and every year the halls of parliament wit- nessed a fierce debate on the subject. The Pitt ministry were comparatively lukewarm in the cause. It was not till the accession of Mr. Fox and his friends to power in 1806 that the movement gained a decisive advantage. In 1807 the British government declared the slave trade thenceforth illegal, and in the succeeding year it was declared piracy by the United States. After a temporary relaxation from his labors, during which he published a "Portrait- ure of the Society of Friends," with which body he cherished a warm syinpathy, and in 1813 a life of William Penn, Clarkson renewed his exertions. He obtained an interview with Alexander I. of Russia, and secured his influ- ence in behalf of the extirpation of the traffic by all the nations of Europe; and as new du- ties arose from the overthrow of the system, in the establishment of the colony of Sierra Leone, in the recognition of the independence of Hayti and Liberia, and in the preparation for the emancipation of the slaves in Jamaica and Antigua, he contended for each with the same fervor which had animated him in his youth. He lived to witness the emancipation of the negroes in the West Indies in 1833, and to attend the great meeting in Exeter hall in 1840, held by the British anti-slavery society, of which he officiated as president until his death. His " History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade" (1808) is one of the best au- thorities on the subject. It has been trans- lated into French by Bishop Gr6goire under the title of Histoire du commerce homicide ap- pele traite des noirs, ou cri des Africains centre leurs oppresseurs (8vo, 1822), and a new English edition was printed by the English anti-slavery society, with an anonymous pre- face by Lord Brougham (1839). A medal in honor of Clarkson was struck by his native town in 1846 ; Haydon and other eminent artists were employed to paint his portrait; his name was inscribed on the pedestal of Da- vid's statue of Gutenberg in Strasburg; and the city of London erected his statue in Guild- hall. See " Thomas Clarkson, a Monograph," by James Elmes (London, 1854). CLASTIC ANATOMY. See ANATOMICAL PEEP- AEATION8. CLATSOP, the N. W. county of Oregon, sep- arated from Washington territory on the N. by the Columbia river, and bounded W. by the Pacific; area, 1,100 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,255, of whom 13 were Chinese. On the E. border are mountains. It is watered by Lewis and Clarke river and other streams falling into the ocean. The soil is good and timber is abundant. The chief productions in 1870 were 2,007 bushels of oats, 15,130 of potatoes, and 683 tons of hay. There were 147 horses, 517 milch cows, 1,065 other cattle, 1,208 sheep, and 659 swine. Capital, Astoria. CLAUDE, Jean, a French Protestant clergy- man, born near Agen in 1619, died at the Hague, Jan. 13, 1687. He officiated as pastor at Nimes and Montpellier, but owing to his opposition to the government scheme for the reunion of the Protestants and Roman Catholics, he was in- terdicted from preaching. He wrote against Arnauld and Nicole on the doctrine of tran- substantiation, and in 1678 held a discussion with Bossuet in presence of Mile, de Duras, a niece of Turenne, who wished to review the grounds of lt*r faith by hearing the arguments of these distinguished champions. Bossuet published an account of the conference, which was answered by Claude. On the very morning on which the revocation of the edict of Nantes was registered at Paris, he was ordered to leave France within 24 hours. He retired to Holland, where he was received by the prince of Orange, who settled a pension upon him. The most important of his works is his Defense de la reformation (Rouen, 1673). CLAUDE LORRAINE (properly LOBRAIN), a landscape painter, whose real name was CLAUDE GELEE, born in Lorraine in 1600, died in Rome, Nov. 21, 1682. He was left an or- phan at 12 years of age, displayed little intelli- gence in his youth, and was first made ac- quainted with the pencil in the home of his brother, a carver of wood at Freiburg. Sub- sequently he went to Rome, where he devoted himself to his profession. He is supposed to have studied about two years under Godfrey Waals, during which time he became acquaint- ed with architectural drawing and perspec- tive. Afterward he received instruction in painting from Agostino Tassi, and about 1625 he left Rome for a pilgrimage to the shrine of Loreto, and thence set out on a tour through