Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/626

 614 ClTEAUX CITRIC ACID the foundation of the Dominicans and Francis- cans, caused it to begin to decline. Extraordi- nary and oft-repeated efforts were made to bring it back to its pristine state, but they proved only partially successful. The spirit of reform produced several new congregations under the Cistercian rule, the principal of which are the Bernardines and Feuillants. The number of convents of the Cistercian order at present existing is small. There are some in Austria, Switzerland, Poland, and Belgium. There is also one in Leicestershire, England, called Mt. St. Bernard. In Italy they have been suppressed, with the exception of one house in Eome. An order of Cistercian nuns was found- ed in 1 120 by Abbot Stephen of Citeaux. They were at first subject to the authority of the ab- bot general, subsequently to that of the dioce- san bishops. They increased so rapidly that at one time they had 6,000 convents. In Ger- many some of the abbesses had till 1803 the dignity of princesses of the empire. The most celebrated convent of the order was that of Port Royal in France. At present (1873) only a few convents are left in Switzerland, Ger- many, and France. ClTEAUX, a hamlet of France, in the depart- ment of C6te d'Or, on the Vouge, 14 m. N. E. of Beaune, once celebrated on account of its abbey, the chief house of the Cistercian order. The abbey buildings, a great part of which still exist, were magnificent. They have been converted into a reformatory, religious, and industrial penitentiary for juvenile offenders, which is under the care of priests, sisters of charity, and lay brothers. An agricultural col- lege is connected with it, and the institution produces excellent butter and other articles of trade, and is nearly self-supporting. The sur- rounding country, mostly belonging to the con- vent, was greatly indebted to the management of the abbots for the superiority of its wines. The vineyard in which the celebrated Clos- Vougeot is raised was formerly part of the property belonging to the abbey. UTH i:KON (now Elatia), a range of moun- tains in Greece, separating Bceotia from Megaris and Attica. It is said to have derived its name from an early king of Platoea, who was an ad- viser of Jupiter in one of his angry dissensions with Juno. Hence the summit was sacred to Jupiter, and the festival of the Deedala, in hon- or of his reconciliation with his spouse, was celebrated upon it. Cithseron was also sacred to Bacchus, and the scene of his mystic rites. It was here that Actseon was changed into a stag and chased by his own hounds, that Pentheus was torn to pieces by the Bacchantes upon whose orgies he was stealing a look, and that the infant CEdipus suffered his exposure. Cithseron was covered with a forest which abounded in game. The Cithaeronian lion, slain by Alcathous, was famed in mythology. CITIZEN (Fr. citoyen), a member of a free commonwealth. Aristotle defines a citizen to be one 'who participates in the legislative and judicial authority of the state. But in every state there are two classes of citizens, those who are permitted to participate in the gov- ernment, and those who are not. All persona born within the state, irrespective of age, sex, or condition, are presumptively citizens : others- may be admitted to citizenship either by special legislative enactment, or by some form of natu- ralization under general laws. The children of citizens born while their parents are abroad temporarily or on the public service are 'also citizens. But those only exercise the right of suffrage who in addition to citizenship have such other qualifications as the law may have prescribed. In the United States, by the 14th amendment to the constitution, all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they re- side. This amendment put at rest the disputed question whether the freedmen and other blacks, were citizens ; but it does not embrace Indians who still retain their tribal relations, and who- are therefore, only in a much qualified sense subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. Sec. 2, art. 4 of the constitution, construed in Ward v. Maryland, 12 Wallace, 418, provides that " the citizens of each state shall be enti- tled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states;" and the 14th amend- ment prohibits the states from abridging the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States. This amendment was construed in the New Orleans slaughter house case, de- cided by the supreme court of the United States in April, 1878, in which it was shown that the privileges and immunities which be- long to one as a citizen of a state, and those which pertain to a citizen of the United States, are not the same, and that the latter only are protected by the 14th amendment. See Story's- "Commentary on the Constitution," 4th ed., chap. 47, and appendix to vol. ii. CITRIC ACID, the acid which gives to the fruits of the citron family their peculiar sour taste. It may be extracted from many fruits and vegetables, as oranges, currants, gooseber- ries, strawberries, raspberries, whortleberries, tamarinds, onions, and potatoes. The red elder berry contains so much of it that it has been proposed to substitute it in part for limes and lemons, from which the acid is now wholly prepared. The manufacture of citric acid i& conducted at but few large establishments ; but on a small scale it may be prepared by the same process that is adopted in the large way. Lemon juice is imported in a concentrated state, produced by evaporation at a gentle heat. It consists of citric acid 6 to 7 per cent., alcohol 5 to 6, and the remainder water, inorganic salts, &c. By some it is allowed to partially ferment, for the purpose of evaporating the clear liquor from the mucilage ; or it is clarified in the usual method by the use of albumen in the form of the white of egg. Carbonate of lime in fine powder is then gradually added, and stirred in