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 CISLEITHANIA CISTERCIANS 613 the victory of Marengo. Austria was again forced to acknowledge this independent state on the conclusion of the peace of Luneville (1801). Instead of Cisalpine, it was called (1802) the Italian republic, and under the empire it be- came the kingdom of Italy. CISLEITHAJMA, or Cislelthan Austria, a name which since 1867 is frequently (but not official- ly) applied to that part of the Austro-Hunga- rian monarchy which is represented in the Reichsrath of Vienna. It embraces the crown- lands formerly belonging to the German con- federation, Dalmatia, Galicia, and Bukowina. The name is derived from the little river Leitha, which separates Lower Austria from Hungary, and thus forms part of the frontier. It con- tains a little less than one half the area and about four sevenths of the population of the monarchy. CISPADANE REPUBLIC, a republican state or- ganized in Italy by Bonaparte after the battle of Lodi, in 1796. It consisted of Modena, Reg- gio, Ferrara, and Bologna, being separated from the Transpadane republic by the Po (Padus), from which it derived its name. In 1797 the Cispadane was merged in the Cisalpine republic. CISSEY, Ernest Louis Octave Courtot de, a French soldier, born in Paris in 1812. He belongs to a noble family of Burgundy, and was educated at Saint Cyr and at the school for staff offi- cers. In 1835 he became aide-de-camp of Gen. Tr6zel, and served with distinction in Algeria till 1852, and in 1854 in the Crimea, reaching the rank of brigadier general after the battle of Inkerman. He was commanding general of the llth division at Rennes from 1863 till the outbreak of the Franco-German war in 1870, when he led the first division of the fourth corps under Ladmirault in a number of engagements near Metz. He disapproved (Oct. 22) of Ba- zaine's determination to capitulate, urging in vain a renewed attempt to break through the German lines. Bazaine sent him to the head- quarters of the chief of staff of the German army, to arrange the terms of capitulation in such a manner as to include in them only the city and citadel of Metz, and not the French army; but he accomplished nothing, and be- came for a short time a prisoner of war in Germany. In February, 1871, he was elected to the national assembly for the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, and joining the army at Ver- sailles in March, he operated at the head of the second corps against the commune, entered Paris May 22, and succeeded in gaining control of the entire left bank of the Seine. He was appointed minister of war June 5, and contin- ues (1873) to hold that office. CISTERCIANS, a widely extended branch of the Benedictine order, founded in the llth century by St. Robert, a French nobleman by birth, and a Benedictine abbot, who, being very zeal- ous for the strict observance of the Benedictine rule, and unsuccessful in his efforts to enforce it in his abbey, placed himself at the head of some hermits and settled with them at Mo- lesme. Some difficulties arising in this new community, he left it in company with several others, and made a new settlement at Citeaux (Lat. Ciatercium), near Dijon, in the diocese of Chalons-sur-Marne (1098). After enduring great poverty and hardships for some time, the infant community was taken under the protec- tion of Eudes, duke of Burgundy, and the bish- op of Chalons; the latter of whom erected it into an abbey, and appointed St. Robert abbot. The latter was recalled after a time to Molesme, and left Citeaux under the direction of St. Al- beric, after whose death, in 1109, St. Stephen Harding, an Englishman, became abbot. The austerities practised in this community were so great that many of the members died, and no person dared to enter the order, which was threatened with extinction. The accession of St. Bernard, with 30 young men, mostly of noble A Cistercian Monk. birth, saved it from destruction, and infused into it new life. It soon began to flourish and extend itself, so that in -1151 the number of abbeys had increased to 500, and in 1251 to 1,800. The order became so powerful that sev- eral popes were indebted to its recognition and support during the confusion of the 12th cen- tury for the maintenance of their authority. Cardinals, archbishops, and bishops often as- sisted at the general chapter of abbots. Two popes (Eugenius III. and Benedict XII.), 40 cardinals, and a great number of bishops were elected from the order, and several kings and princes assumed its habit. St. Bernard im- planted a taste for literature and science in the order in its infancy, and took measures to have every monastery furnished with an excellent library. The especial branch of the Cistercians was music. The golden age of the order con- tinued until the relaxation of discipline, and