Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/596

 584 CIMON CINCHONA island of Naxos. These victories gave him great influence in Athenian politics, which he threw into the scale of the aristocratic or con- servative party, of which Aristides was the head. He contributed to the banishment of Themisto- cles, the leader of the opposite party. In 466 he won two decisive land and sea battles over the Persians at the mouth of the Eurymedon, on the S. coast of Asia Minor, when 200 Persian ships, out of 350, were captured. Before night- fall he defeated a reenforcement of 80 Phoenician ships. According to Plutarch, these victories were followed by a treaty of peace, concluded by the Persians on the most humiliating condi- tions ; but the historian Callisthenes disputes the statement. Thucydides is silent upon the subject, and some modern historians deny it altogether. These successes and the death of Aristides left Cimon without a rival at Athens. Thasos revolted in 465, and was reduced to obedience by Cimon two years afterward. Two events occurred about this time which brought about the temporary downfall of Cimon. The Athenian colonists on the Stry- mon and the Chersonese were destroyed by the Macedonians and the Thracians. Cimon was brought to trial for not avenging this in- jury after the subjection of Thasos ; he was accused of having accepted brihes from Alex- ander, king of Macedon. Pericles was one of the prosecutors, but Cimon was acquitted. "While these events were occurring, an insur- rection of helots took place at Sparta. Cimon, who admired the Spartans, persuaded the Athenians to send an army to the aid of their rivals. The Spartans insultingly dismissed the aid so generously offered, and the resentment of the Athenians naturally recoiled upon Ci- mon, who stood responsible for the original movement. His ruin was completed by his op- position to the democratic party on the ques- tion of curtailing the power and jurisdiction of the areopagus. Upon the victory of the popu- lar party, under the lead of Pericles and Ephi- altes, Cimon was ostracized about 459. In 457 a Lacedromonian army, posted at Tanagra, threatened Attica. It professed friendly feel- ings toward the aristocratical party of Athens, and hostility only to the then dominant democ- racy. Cimon, though an exile, begged to be allowed to fight in his tribe in defence of his country ; the Athenians, suspicious of treach- ery, refused permissions Cimon then besought his friends and retainer's, as they valued his character, to do their iuty. These friends carried his panoply to the field of Tanagra, and fell around it to the last man ; the Athe- nians, were utterly defeated. About 454, after five years of exile, he was recalled at the in- stance of his great antagonist, Pericles. He was employed in effecting the five years' truce with Sparta, in 450. The next year he was intrusted with an expedition of 200 ships to avenge on the Persian empire the disasters the Athenians had lately suffered in Egypt. "While besieging Citium, a town on the S. coast of Cyprus, he fell a victim either to disease or a wound. His lieutenants, while carrying his remains back to Athens, fell in with and de- feated a fleet of Cilician and Phoenician gal- leys, and at the same time beat the Cyprians on land. Cimon was buried in Athens, and his tomb was visible there in the time of Plu- tarch (A. D. 100). In his private life Cimon is spoken of by the ancients as the type of gen- erosity, frankness, and affability. After the recovery of his patrimony, he kept a free table for all citizens of his district. He distributed alms in public with prodigality. At his own expense he laid the foundation of the long walls which joined the Piraeus to the city. He beautified his private grounds, and threw them open to the public, who were allowed to pluck the fruit and flowers. He bequeathed to the Athenians a pleasure ground in the Ceramicus, which afterward became the seat of the famous academy of Plato. CLMLOA. See SINALOA. CINCHONA, Peruvian or Jesuits' bark, named in honor of the countess of Chinchon, the wife of the viceroy of Peru, who, having been her- self cured thereby, is said to have first carried the bark to Europe, where she used it success- fully in the cure of intermittent fever about 1640. Soon after its introduction into Spain, the Jesuits began to receive it from their breth- ren in Peru, and through them it was spread over Europe, in consequence of which it was called Jesuits' bark. It is the dried bark of many species of the genus cinchona, a tree be- longing to the order ruliacfcs and suborder cinchonacece. Until very recently it has been im- possible to determine with accuracy from which species of cinchona the different varieties of bark were obtained, but late investigations with the aid of chemistry have thrown much light upon this subject, though something yet re- mains to be learned. Although each species or even variety of cinchona may be supposed to produce a separate kind of bark, and al- though these varieties run into each other in such a way that hardly any two botanists agree as to the proper lines of separation, yet the commercial products may be divided into three classes, yellow, red, and gray barks. To these may be added the non-officinal or Carthagena barks, brought from the northern Atlantic ports of South America. The three varieties first mentioned are obtained from Pacific and South Atlantic ports. The source of the yellow bark is said by the " United States Dispensatory " to be C. calisaya, one of the largest and finest species, growing in Peru and Bolivia. A va- riety of this species, C. Josephiana, is but little more than a shrub. The bark of C. Bolimana, and the better pieces of C. ovata, C. scrobicu- lata, and C. micrantha, are probably often mixed with the parcels of calisaya bark. The first mentioned species is by some botanists regarded as a variety of C. calisaya. The red bark is derived from C. succirubra, a large tree, growing upon the western slopes of Chiin-