Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/593

 CILICIA CIMABUE 581 with epithelium, and in this particular situa- tion it is always ciliated. So far as is at pres- ent known, these organs are constantly to be found in connection with the respiratory func- tion ; but in animals as high as the vertebrates, especially the mammalia and man, they are found associated with other functions. The epithelium which coats the base of the frog's tongue is ciliated, and if removed swims free- ly through a film of water by this agency; in the batrachians, however, it is highly prob- able that the tongue is an important organ, adjunct! ve to respiration, and to these organs vibratile cilia belong through all the classes from animalcules up to man. In the warm- blooded mammalia and in man, these organs are found in connection with the epithelium covering the mucous membrane of the trachea, and throughout the distribution of the bronchi ; so far they are respiratory. They are also found on the epithelium of the ear, the nose, and of the Fallopian tubes. The most remark- able part of their history remains to be told : they have been seen in active vibration many hours after death in cats, dogs, rabbits, pigeons, &c. In man there has been no diminished ac- tion apparent 60 hours after death, and in a tortoise they have been observed in rapid mo- tion three weeks after death, when all the rest of the body was in a putrid condition. It must be quite apparent, therefore, that they possess and maintain motion altogether irre- spective of vitality, for they continue to move energetically when all around them is not only dead, but decomposing ; and from this latter fact it should appear that their true place is among the vegetative organs of the body. The exact phenomena of their motion are yet to be discovered. (See ANIMALCULES.) CILICIA, an ancient division of Asia Minor, lying between lat. 36 and 38 K, Ion. 32 and 37 E., bounded W. by Pamphylia, K by Isauria, Lycaonia, and Cappadocia, from which it was divided by the Taurus, E. by Syria, from which it was separated by the Amanus mountains, and S. by the gulf of Issus and the Mediterranean sea. The W. portion, from its mountainous character, was called Tracheia (rough), and the E. portion, composed in great part of plains, Pedias (level). It is a strip of land extending about 300 m. along the shore from W. to E., with a width from N". to S. rarely exceeding 50 and never 70 m., and sloping from the summit of the Taurus moun- tains toward the sea. The coast of Cilicia Tracheia is abrupt, and a short distance inland there is a mountain ridge. Between this and the Taurus lies the basin of the Calycadnus river (now the Gok Su), which flows E. S. E. to the sea, and with its branches drains a large district. Cilicia Pedias is a fertile and well watered region, producing trees, vines, and such grains as millet, sesame, wheat, and barley. It is crossed by three large streams : the Cydnus (now Tersus Tchai) which rises in the Taurus mountains and flows S. ; the Sarus (now Si- hun), which comes through the gorges of the mountains from Cappadocia ; and the Pyramus (now Jihun), which also crosses the northern barrier, and flows S. W. The water of all these streams is very cold, and the current in some parts rapid. The Cydnus was the scene of a cold bath which nearly killed Alexander the Great, and of the first interview between Antony and Cleopatra. Cilicia is supposed to have been settled by Phoenicians, and the peo- ple were distinguished in early times for com- mercial and maritime enterprise. Though trib- utary to the Persian empire, the country was in the time of Darius and Xerxes subject to a race of native princes named Syennesis. Cy- rus the Younger crossed Cilicia in his expedi- tion against his brother. The Greeks colonized the country in the time of Alexander, after whose death it was made a part of the Syrian empire, and Tarsus afterward became one of the great centres of learning in the East. In the 1st century B. C. pirates swarmed from the coast of Cilicia, and in subduing them through Pompey the Romans acquired the whole coun- try. When Cicero was proconsul the province included also Pamphylia, Pisidia, Isauria, Lyca- onia, and the island of Cyprus. Native princes still held out in the mountains until the time of Vespasian. Under Augustus Cilicia was an imperial province, and contained six free cities, Tarsus, Anazarbus or Cassarea, Corycus, Mop- sus, Seleucia, and JEgsa. It now forms the Turkish vilayet of Adana. CILLY, or Cilli (anc. Celeia ; Slovenish, Celje), a town of Austria, in the crown land of Styria, capital of an extensive circle, situated near the junction of the Kodenbach with the San, 36 m. E. N. E. of Laibach; pop. in 1870, 4,203. It is an old town, surrounded by walls and towers, and contains a quaint parish church, having a fine altar and a side chapel with a Gothic throne and ciborium of carved stone. There are ruins of an ancient castle, long the residence of the counts of Cilly, and of the Lazarist convent of St. Joseph, with two tow- ers. Remains of Roman architecture have also been found here. The castle, Neu Cilly, is 4 m. outside of the town. The principal trade is in wine, cereals, cattle, and coal. There are in the vicinity extensive coal fields and deposits of spathic and haematite iron ore ; an English company was established in 1867 for manufac- turing steel and iron. The site of Cilly has been identified with that of Celeia or Caleia, a city at the S. E. extremity of Noricum, and with the Roman colony of Caleia Claudia, which grew out of the ruins of the more an- cient city. During the middle ages it was the capital of the Slavonian district of Zellia. It was ruled by Austrian dukes from 1146 to!331, and in 1339 it became the capital of the newly created county of Cilly. The assassination of Count Ulric at Belgrade in 1456 putting an end to that line, it has since been Austrian. CIMABUE, Giovanni, called the "father of modern painting," born at Florence in 1240,