Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/582

 570 CHUSAN CIALDINI Contreras and Churubusco were fought on the same day, and actually formed one battle. In both actions the American loss was 139 killed and 926 wounded. The Mexican loss was about 4,000 killed and wounded, 3,000 prison- ers, 37 pieces of ordnance, many small arms, and much ammunition. The battle of Chapul- tepec, Sept. 13, was the closing action in this campaign. (See CHAPULTKPKC.) < III SA., or Chowsan (boat-like), a group of islands, consisting of one large island with a great number of smaller ones, off the coast of China, about lat. 30 N., Ion. 122 E. They are beautifully wooded, abound in floral pro- ductions, and contain numerous excellent har- bors. The largest island, called also Chusan, is about 50 in. in circumference; pop. about 250,000. The land is carefully cultivated, and rice, wheat, sweet potatoes, chestnuts, walnuts, tobacco, tea, silk, and cotton are produced. The climate is temperate and healthful except in the summer months. Chusan is an inter- mediate port between Japan and the Chinese ports of Ningpo, Hangchow, and Shanghai. In 1840 the British seized the islands, and held them for a time. As stipulated in the peace in 1842, they were evacuated in 1846, and Hong Kong was ceded to the British in their stead. They were occupied by the British again in 1860, but evacuated the same year. The capital is Tinghai, a walled town about 2 m. in circumference, containing some fine specimens of Buddhist temple architecture. CHYLE (Gr. xv^S, juice), the white, opaque, milky-looking fluid formed in the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine during digestion. The lymphatic vessels of the whole body ab- sorb from the tissues in which they are dis- tributed a watery fluid, containing albumen, fibrine, and saline matters in solution. In ad- dition to tbese substances, however, the lym- phatics of the small intestine, while digestion is going on, absorb from them the fatty ingre- dients of the food. These substances have been reduced by the digestive process to the state of an emulsion ; that is, to the condition of finely comminuted particles or granules, less than -nr.Vinr f an mcn in diameter, which are held in suspension in the watery or serous parts of the fluid. It is these exceedingly abundant and finely divided oleaginous granules which give to the chyle its opaque white color ; and the intestinal lymphatics are therefore called the lacteals, or milk-bearing vessels. The chyle, collected from the intestine by the lacteals, is conveyed to a pouch or dilatation, situated at the posterior part of the abdomen, called the receptaculum chyli, whence it is conveyed up- ward through the chest by a special vessel, the thoracic duct, and finally discharged into the left subclavian vein at the root of the neck. The abundance of the chyle varies with the activity of digestion and the amount of fatty matters present in the food ; in the human subject its average quantity is estimated at about 2J pounds per day. CHTME (Gr. x v P-6s, sap, moisture), a term formerly applied to the semi-fluid mass of the food which has undergone digestion in the stomach, and is about to pass into the small intestine. It is now known that the food in this condition is simply a mixture of various substances, some of which have undergone complete or partial digestion by the gastric juice, while others are still unaltered, and require the action of other secretions before their digestion will be accomplished. The term chyme, therefore, does not represent any definite substance, and is accordingly seldom employed by physiologists at the present day. (1 VI. DIM, Enrieo, an Italian soldier, born near Castelvetro, Aug. 8, 1811. He is the son of a hydrographical engineer and a Spanish lady. Expelled from the Jesuit college at Reggio on account of his irreverence, though displaying precocious talents, he was sent to Parma to study medicine and the art of design, but joined the revolutionary movement of 1831, and was obliged to take refuge in Paris, where he continued his medical studies, and support- ed himself by translating into Italian some writings of Voltaire and Rousseau, and some of Velpeau's surgical works. In 1833 he fought in Portugal for Dom Pedro, and in 1835 he en- tered the Spanish service against Don Carlos, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. After the war he served for some time as adjutant of Narvaez at Valencia, where he married a Spanish lady. He was sent to Paris to report upon the organization of the French police, and after the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 joined Gen. Durando at Vicenza. Being se- verely wounded (June 10), he fell into the hands of the Austrians, but was set free early in 1849, after his partial recovery. He afterward fought against the Austrians as commander of a corps chiefly made up of volunteers. In the Crimean war he became brigadier general, Aug. 1, 1855; and on his return to Turin the king appointed him his aide-de-camp, though that rank is generally conferred only on noble- men. In 1859 he organized the Garibaldian corps of Alpine sharpshooters, and commanded the 4th division of the army, attaining the rank of general of division (June 1) in reward for his services especially at the battle of Palestro. In 1860 he commanded in the brilliant campaign which resulted in the utter defeat of the papal army under Lamoriciere at Castelfidardo (Sept. 18), and in the capture of Ancona and other important places, after which he was made general of the army (a rank corresponding to that of marshal in France), simultaneously with Garibaldi and Fanti. On Feb. 13, 1861, he com- pelled the surrender of Gaeta, and on March 13 that of the citadel of Messina, thus closing the war in southern Italy and Sicily. He de- clined the titles and pensions offered to him, accepting only a crown of laurel in token of national gratitude. He was elected member of parliament for Reggio, but went in 1861 as lieutenant of the king to Naples, where he did