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 CHURCH 567 tician, a member of the provincial congress of 1774, and of the committee of safety, and be- came physician general to the patriot army. He lived extravagantly, became pecuniarily embarrassed, and in 1775 was found to be in treasonable correspondence with Gen. Gage. He was convicted of this offence by a court martial over which Washington presided, was expelled from the house of representatives, and imprisoned at Norwich, Conn., by order of congress, and denied the use of pen, ink, and paper. He was released in the spring of 1770, and permitted to embark for the West Indies on account of his failing health ; but the ves- sel was never again heard from. An account of his trial is contained in the " Massachusetts Historical Collections," vol. i. CHURCH, Fathers of the (patres ecclesice), those Christian teachers and writers, from the 2d to the 13th century, who were eminent for their orthodoxy, genius, and beneficent influence upon the church. They were preceded by the apostolic fathers, and include several of the scholastic doctors. Protestants usually limit the title to those ecclesiastical writers who lived between the 2d and 6th centuries. That department of theological study which em- braces the life, writings, and doctrines of the church fathers is termed patristics or patrol- ogy, and is both curious and valuable with reference to exegesis, dogmas, and* church his- tory. The most distinguished of the Greek fathers recognized by Protestants are Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Athanasius, Cyril of Alexandria, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, Eusebius of Csesarea, Chrysostom, and Theodoret; of the Latin fathers, Justin Martyr, Tertullian, Lactantius, Cyprian, Hilary of Poitiers, Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory the Great. The Roman Catholics ex- clude from this list Tertullian, Origen, and Eu- sebius, on account of the heterodoxy of some of their works, but add to it John of Damas- cus, Peter Damian, Anselm, Bernard, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, and others of the early mediaeval theologians. Most of the patristic writings have been several times edited sepa- rately, and the careful Benedictine editions are still esteemed among the best. Of the general collections, the most important are the Maxima Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum (27 vols., Leyden, 1677), containing the Greek fathers in a Latin translation, and valuable notices of mediaeval theologians ; the Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum et Antiquorum Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum, by Galland (14 vols., Venice, 1765-'81) ; the PatrologicB Oursus Completus, by the abb6 Migne (the most extensive of all collections, in 389 vols., Paris, 1840-'67) ; and the collection by Cardinal Mai, Nova Collectio (10 vols. 4to, Rome, 1825-'38), Spicilegium Romanum (10 vols. 8vo, 1839-'44), and Nova Patrum Bibli- otheca (7 vols. 4to, 1844-'53). A collection by Combefis, Bibliotheca Patrum Concionatoria (8 vols. fol., Paris, 1662), was to be republished in 30 vols. 8vo, but only the first volume has appeared (1852). Collections of extracts were made by Grabe (Oxford, 1698), Rosier (Leipsic, 1776-'86), Guillon (Paris, 1833-'40), and Thilo (Leipsic, 1853- '4). Among the best aids to pa- tristic studies are Mohler's Patrologie (Ratis- bon, 1839-'40), Engelhardt's Leitfaden zu pa- tristischen Vorlesungen (Erlangen, 1822), and Charpentier's /tudes sur lea peres de Vfiglise (Paris, 1853). In 1839 a "Library of Translations from the Fathers," edited by E. B. Pusey, John Keble, and C. Marriott, was commenced at Ox- ford, of which about 40 volumes have appeared. CHURCH, Frederick Edwin, an American land- scape painter, born in Hartford, Conn., May 4, 1826. He was a pupil of Thomas Cole for two years. Among the works which first brought him into notice was a view of East Rock, near New Haven ; and a number of scenes in the Catskill mountains added to his reputation. In 1853 he went to South America, visiting New Granada and Ecuador, where he obtained ma- terial for a number of pictures. His views of the great mountain chains of those countries at- tracted much attention for their careful elabo- ration and warmth of color. He made a sec- ond journey to South America in 1857, and brought back a large number of sketches, from which he produced his " Heart of the Andes," " Cotopaxi," " On the Cordilleras," and other pictures, which gave him a high rank in his profession. In 1858 he painted a large view of Niagara Falls, representing the Horseshoe Fall as seen from the Canadian shore near Table Rock, which is generally regarded as his master- piece. This picture he reproduced on a larger scale in 1868. He afterward went to Jamaica, to make studies of tropical scenery, and in 1868 visited Europe and the Holy Land. His large picture of " Damascus " was painted in Rome in 1869, his "Jerusalem " in New York in 1870, and his "Parthenon" also in New York in 1871. His "Tropical Scenery," paint- ed from sketches taken during his West Indian trip, was exhibited in New York in 1873. It is much smaller than many of his canvases, being only about 40 inches in length, but ex- hibits many of his best characteristics. Mr. Church resides near Hudson, N. Y., but has his studio in New York city, and was formerly one of its commissioners of parks. CHURCH, John Hnbbard, D. D., an American clergyman, born at Rutland, Mass., March 17, 1772, died at Pelham, N. H., June 13, 1840. He graduated at Harvard college in 1797, and was for nearly 40 years pastor of the Con- gregational church of Pelham. He was de- voted to benevolent enterprises, and was offi- cially connected with Dartmouth college, An- dover theological seminary, Phillips academy, and with various missionary, Bible, and tract societies, which he served with great zeal and efficiency. He published about 25 sermons, besides various articles in religious periodicals. CHURCH, Sir Riehard, a commander in the Greek war of independence, born in England in 1780, died in Athens, March 20, 1873. He