Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/442

 434 CHILLINGWORTH CHILOE no sooner taken this step than he " doubted that his new opinion was an error," and by invitation of Laud, then bishop of London, he returned to Oxford to regxamine the whole question. He soon abandoned the Roman church, and in 1634 wrote a refutation of the arguments which had induced him to join it. Engaging in controversy with several distin- guished Jesuits, he published in 1638, in an- swer to one of them, his "Religion of Protes- tants a Safe Way to Salvation," which passed to a second edition in five months, was received with general applause, and is still esteemed one of the ablest defences of the Protestant cause. Maintaining that the Protestant's sole judge is the Bible, and its sole interpreter pri- vate judgment, he was opposed not only by the Roman Catholics but by the Puritans, who affirmed that he destroyed faith by resolving it into reason. The appellations of Arian and Socinian were applied to him, and he for a time declined preferment on the ground of scru- ples in regard to subscribing to the thirty-nine articles. In 1638 he subscribed to the articles, regarding them as a basis of peace or union and not of belief or assent, and was promoted to the chancellorship of Salisbury, with the prebend of Brixworth annexed. During the civil war he was zealously attached to the roy- al party, and at the siege of Gloucester in 1643 he directed the making of some engines in im- itation of the Roman tettudinet for assaulting the town. He was taken prisoner a few weeks before his death, and was buried in the cathe- dral of Chichester. Dr. Cheynell, who was one of his severest antagonists, attended and treated him kindly in his last sickness, but ap- peared at his funeral, and after an admonitory oration hurled a copy of the " Religion of Protestants" into the grave of its author, exclaiming, " Earth to earth, dust to dust." Cheynell published " Chillingworthi Novitsima, or the Sickness, Heresy, Death, and Burial of William Chillingworth" (1644; 2d ed., 1725), which has been described as " the quintessence of railing, which ought to be kept as the pattern andstandard of that sort of writing." The works of Chillingworth have been frequently repub- lished, the earliest complete edition being that of London, 1742,infolio, with a life of the author by Dr. Birch (new ed., 3 vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1888). The constant study of them is recommended by Locke "for attaining the way of right reason- ing." Anthony Wood affirms that "it was the current opinion of the university that he and Lucius, Lord Falkland, had such extraordinary clear reason that if the great Turk or the devil could be converted, they were able to do it." His character and ability were admired by his contemporaries, and he was reckoned the most acute logician of his age ; yet Lord Clarendon says that he " had contracted such an irresolu- tion and habit of doubting, that at last he was confident of nothing." He has therefore been cited by Dugald Stewart as an instance of the ruinous effects of scholastic logic. CHILLON, Castle of, a fortress in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, near the E. extremity of the lake of Geneva, on an isolated rock surrounded by deep water, and connected with the main- 'astir of Chillon. land by a wooden bridge. It was built ac- cording to some historians in 1120, and accord- ing to others in 1236 or 1238. It is not certain by whom it was built, but it is attributed by some writers to Amadeus IV. of Savoy. For many years it was a state prison. Bonnivard, prior of St. Victor, was confined here from 1530 to 1586. The place has been rendered famous by Byron's " Prisoner of Chillon." The castle is now used as an arsenal. CHILHARI, or Chilnam (Hindoo, Chalamari), a beautifully situated but ill-built town of Ben- gal, on the Brahmapootra, in the district and 36 m. S. E. of Rungpoor. At certain religious and commercial festivals, from 60,000 to 100,000 Hindoos are said to assemble here. CHILO, or Chilon, one of the seven sages of Greece, and one of the ephori of Sparta, flour- ished about the commencement of the 6th cen- tury B. C., and is said to have died of joy on occasion of his son's gaining the prize for boxing at the Olympic games. The institution of the ephoralty has been frequently, but it is believed erroneously, ascribed to this sage. According to Pliny, he caused the words "Know thyself" to be inscribed in letters of gold on the temple of Delphi. He said that three things were very difficult : to keep a se- cret, to make the best use of time, and to suf- fer injuries without murmuring. CHILOE. I. The southernmost province of Chili, comprising the island of the same name and the other islands of the archipelago of Chiloe, and the islands of the archipelago of Chinos. Since 1865 the entire western coast of Patagonia, up to the ridge of the Cordil- leras, and its islands as far as Cape Horn, have been added to it. Exclusive of this addition, over which the jurisdiction of Chili is merely