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 CHILD CHILI 423 signature, in defence of the traffic with the East. In his essay on trade he advocated the compulsory emigration of paupers to the colo- nies. His principal work is entitled " Brief Observations concerning Trade and the In- terest of Money, by J. C." (4to, London, 1668). An enlarged edition was published in 1690, under the title of " A New Discourse on Trade." The work has been several times reprinted. It was written in defence of the reduction, by legal enactment, of the rate of interest on money from 8 to 6 per cent., and recommends a further diminution to 4 per cent. Charles II. made him a baronet. His son became Viscount Castlemaine and Earl Tylney, but the peerage expired with the second earl. CHILD, Lydia Maria, an American authoress, born at Medford, Mass., Feb. 11, 1802. Her father, David Francis, was a baker. In 1824 she published her first book, "Hobomok, an Indian Story," which was followed the next year by " The Eebels, a Tale of the Revolu- tion." The scene was laid in Massachusetts, and some of the characters were the historical men of that period. The book for several years held its place as a standard novel, the times and the events with which it dealt giving it a strong hold upon the popular esteem. A speech which she put into the mouth of James Otis was believed by many to have been actually delivered by him. A sermon of Whitefield's was also given, which was inserted in the New England school reading books as a genuine sermon of the great preacher. In 1826 she commenced the " Juvenile Miscel- lany," a monthly magazine, which for eight years was under her management. She pub- lished a cookery book, under the title of "The American Frugal Housewife," which later publications upon the same subject have not displaced. In October, 1828, she was married to David Lee Child, a lawyer of Boston. " The Girls' Own Book" and "The Mothers' Book" (1831) testified to her strong interest in practical education. About this time the anti-slavery movement was commenced in Boston, and Mrs. Child identified herself with it at the begin- ning. One of the first distinctive anti-slavery books was her " Appeal in behalf of that class of Americans called Africans," in which she advocated the immediate emancipation of the blacks. This is her largest and most compre- hensive work upon the subject of slavery ; but it was followed in subsequent years by various smaller publications of a similar character. In 1836 she published " Philothea," a Grecian romance of the time of Pericles and Aspasia. In 1841 she removed to New York to take charge as editor of the " National Anti-Slavery Standard," of which she remained editor, as- sisted by Mr. Child, for two years. In its columns she commenced a series of "Letters from New York," which, with others written subsequently, were collected in two volumes (1843-'4). She afterward published " History of the Condition of Women in all Ages and Nations" (2 vols., 1845), " Biographies of Good Wives" (1846), and several volumes of stories for children. In 1859 she wrote a letter of sympathy to John Brown, which involved her in a correspondence with Gov. Wise and Mrs. Mason of Virginia. This correspondence was published in a pamphlet of which 300,000 copies were circulated. Her other works are : " Life of Isaac T. Hopper " (1853) ; " Progress of Religious Ideas " (3 vols., 1855) ; " Autumnal Leaves" (1857); "Looking toward Sunset" (1860) ; " The Freedman's Book " (1865) ; and " A Romance of the Republic " (1867). CHILDBIRTH. See OBSTETRICS. CHILDEBERT, a Merovingian king of the Franks, the third son of Clovis and the second of Clotilda, born about 495, died in 558. On the death of his father in 511 he became king of Paris as his share of the patrimony, while Clodomir became king of Orleans and Clotaire king of Soissons. In alliance with his brothers he participated in the conquest of Burgundy, and subsequently successfully conspired with Clotaire to usurp the kingdom of their brother Clodomir, who had been killed in the Bur- gundian war. He afterward made some con- quests in Spain. On his return he quarrelled with Clotaire and made war on him ; but before the contest ended he died, and having no male heir his kingdom fell to Clotaire. Two other Merovingian Childeberts are to be found among the rois faineants. CHILDREN, John George, an English elec- trician, born at Ferox Hall, Tunbridge, May 18, 1777, died Jan. 1, 1852. He was educated at Cambridge for the church, but his wife dying, he travelled for some time in the south of Europe and the United States, and then de- voted himself wholly to scientific pursuits. In 1808 he published in the " Philosophical Trans- actions " an account of a series of experiments confirmatory of Davy's view that electric in- tensity increases with the number of voltaic plates, and the quantity of electricity with the extent of surface. In 1815 he continued the subject in the "Philosophical Transactions," relating among other interesting results the conversion of iron into steel by union with dia- mond. Subsequently he discovered a method of extracting silver from its ore without amal- gamation. Besides the papers above men- tioned, he published translations of Berzelius " On the Blowpipe," and Th6nard " On Che- mical Analysis;" he also assisted to establish and edit the " Zoological Journal." He was for some years secretary of the royal society, and one of the librarians of the natural history department in the British museum. CHILI, or Chile, a republic of South Ameri- ca, lying W. of the Andes, between lat. 24 and 56 S., and Ion. 70 and 74 W. It is bounded N. by Bolivia, E. by the Argentine Republic and Patagonia, S. and W. by the Pacific ocean. These limits include that part of Patagonia W. of the Andes and S. of lat. 43 20', over which the jurisdiction of the Chilian government is