Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/403

 CHEYENNES CIIEZY 395 were formerly settled on the river Chayenne or Cayenne, a branch of the Red river of the North, from which they were driven by the Sioux. They then retreated beyond the Mis- souri below the Warreconne, where their for- tifications were long visible. Before the com- mencement of the present century they were driven west to the Cheyenne river near the Black Hills, and here they were found by Lewis and Clarke in 1803. Acquiring horses, they became prosperous and active, carrying their raids as far as New Mexico. In 1822 their numbers were estimated at 3,250. In 1825 Gen. Atkinson made the first treaty with them at the mouth of Teton river, establish- ing friendship and regulating trade, but fixing no limits. They were then at peace with the Sioux, and warring with the Pawnees, Kan- sas, and other tribes. Dissensions arose, and the nation separated, one part remaining with the Ogallala Sioux, and with them wresting Powder river and Tongue river valleys from the Absarokas or Crows; the other moving south to the Arkansas, where they joined the Arapahoes. In 1847 they were estimated at 5,300. By the treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 the northern Cheyennes agreed to allow roads to be run through their territory, and arrange- ments were also made with the southern band. Other treaties followed, often hastily made and imperfectly understood by the Indians, to whom they were explained through a Sioux interpreter, and never fully carried out by the United States government. The multiplicity of treaties and constant change of plans ex- cited distrust in the minds of the Indians and led to many troubles. The failure to carry out the treaty of 1861 caused a bad feeling, and hostilities were begun by the attempt of some United States troops to disarm a southern Chey- enne party in consequence of a vague complaint that animals had been stolen. The Chey- ennes were for the first time arrayed against the whites, but negotiations were on foot when Col. Chivington of Colorado, Nov. 29, 1864, at- tacked the Sand Creek village and massacred about 100 Cheyennes, men, women, and chil- dren. The war that followed is said to have cost the government $30,000,000, and some ac- counts say $40,000,000. Since that time there has been constant trouble. Treaties were made in 1865 and 1867, each giving different limits. In 1865 the southern band, except a part known as the Dog Soldiers, agreed to go on a reserva- tion. In 1867 Gen. Hancock burned the vil- lage of these last on Pawnee fork, and another war began, in which Gen. Custer defeated them at Washita, killing Black Kettle and 37 others, two thirds women and children. This war cost the lives of 300 soldiers and settlers. The northern band continued peaceable, al- though urged by the Sioux to join them against the whites in 1865. In fact these Cheyennes submitted to insults hard for an Indian to bear, and gave warning to the troops. They re- newed treaties of peace in 1866 and 1868. The Cheyennes are now (1873) in three bodies in all cases mixed with Arapahoes, on Milk river, Montana, on the North fork of the Canadian, and a small band apart. In person the Chey- ennes are a fine race, exceeding in stature all the tribes of the plains except the Osages. They are generally rich in horses and are great horse dealers. The attempts to educate them have not met with much success, the school report of 1871 showing only eight pupils, al- though the tribe must number 3,500 souls. Their language is extremely difficult to learn. CHEYNE, George, a British physician, born in Scotland in 1671, died at Bath in 1743. He was intended for the church, but devoted him- self to medicine, and gained a high reputation by his writings, of which he published a great number. His most popular work was a treatise on the "English Malady," that is, on spleen, vapors, hysterics, and hypochondriacal diseases in general, with a minute account of his own case (London, 1733). CIIEYNELL, Francis, an English clergyman, born in Oxford in 1608, died at Preston, Sus- sex, in 1665. He entered Oxford university in 1623, and at first took orders in the church of England, but in 1640 sided with the parliament, and in 1643 was made one of the assembly of divines. In 1646 he was one of the delegation to convert the university of Oxford to the parliamentary cause, and in 1648 took forcible possession of the Lady Margaret professorship of theology in that university, and also of the presidency of St. John's. But, unable to retain them, he retired to the living of Petworth, where he remained until the restoration. Cheynell had previously published a work en- titled "The Eise, Growth, and Dangers of Socinianism," in which he had violently ac- cused Chillingworth, Archbishop Laud, and others, of Socinian tendencies. After the death of Chillingworth he published a book entitled " CMllingworthi Nomssima ; or Sick- ness, Heresy, Death, and Burial of William Chillingworth " (1644). CIIEZY. I. Antoine Leonard de, a French orientalist, born at Neuilly, Jan. 15, 1773, died in Paris, Sept. 3, 1832. In 1798 he was ap- pointed a member of the learned commission who were to accompany Bonaparte to Egypt, but was prevented from continuing in the ex- pedition by illness, and the following year he was attached to the cabinet of oriental MSS. in the national library. In 1815 a chair of San- skrit was created for him at the college de France, and in 1816 he became a member of the academy of inscriptions. His most impor- tant works are: Medjnoun et Leila, trans- lated from the Persian of Jami ; Yadjanadatta Badha, an episode translated from the Bama- yana; and La reconnaissance de Sakountala, a drama of Kalidasa. This last publication, giv- ing for the first time the text with an elegant translation, was printed at the expense of the Asiatic society of Paris. His papers in the Journal des Savants, the Journal Asiatique,