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 CHEMNITZ 371 Draper, AVurtz, Kekul6, Fresenius, and a host of others, in addition to those who have previous- ly been alluded to, in the field of organic chem- istry, deserve special mention. The discovery of the anhydrous organic acids by Gerhardt may here be noticed, as well as H. Deville's process for preparing aluminum and sodium on the large scale, which promises to exert an influence in advancing chemical knowledge equal to that which resulted from the manufacture of potas- sium and sodium by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. There is in modern times a general tendency to use the volumetric method of analysis, to employ the blowpipe for quantitative as well as qualitative analysis, and to apply the spec- troscope to the detection of rare substances. The nomenclature of chemistry has undergone a remarkable change during the past few years. Old and familiar names have been dropped, and others more in accordance with the mod- ern notions of the true composition of bodies have been substituted. The doctrines at first timidly advanced by a few chemists have grad- ually been accepted by a majority of scientific writers, and the whole language of the subject is now in a transition state. The equivalent value or combining capacity of an element is now measured by the number of atoms of hy- drogen or other monatomic or univalent ele- ment with which the element in question can combine. Chlorine, which unites with one atom of hydrogen, is monatomic, monadic, or univalent. Oxygen, which combines with two atoms of hydrogen, is diatomic, dyadic, or bivalent. Nitrogen, which combines with three atoms of hydrogen, is triatomic, triadic, or trivalent. Carbon, which combines with four atoms of hydrogen, is tetratomic, tetradic, or quadrivalent. The elements are divided into two classes, one of odd, the other of even equivalence, the former distinguished as peris- sads, the latter as artiads ; e. g. : Perissads..N, P, As, Sb, Au. Artiads.... O, 8, Se, Te, Ba, Ca, Mg, Sn, Mo, W, Ac. The nomenclature of compounds has been adapted to the new order of things, and in- stead of saying carbonic acid, the compound is now called carbon dioxide or carbonic anhy- dride. In a work of this character it is pref- erable to retain the names of substances by which they have long been known, but the modern appellations will always be given. The details of chemical science are treated in the articles AFFINITY, ATOMIC THEORY, ELE- MENT, EQUIVALENT, ISOMERISM, NOMENCLATURE, SYMBOL, &c., and under the titles of the differ- ent animal, vegetable, and mineral substances. CHEMNITZ, a city of Saxony, in the circle of Zwickau, at the foot of a northern offshoot of the Erzgebirge, on the river Chemnitz, 38 m. S. AV. of Dresden, and 43 m. S. E. of Leipsic ; pop. in 1871, 68,229. It is the most important manufacturing town in Saxony. In 1871 there were in the town 84 factories of woollen stuffs, 63 factories for stockings and mitts, and 25 for cotton. There were also 19 iron found cries and 38 establishments for the manufacture of machines which are especially exported to Eussia. Of the hosiery, gloves, embroideries, laces, and trimmings manufactured here, large quantities are shipped to America, Africa, China, and Japan. The exports to the Uni- ted States in 1871 amounted to $4,500,000; of which about $2,440,000 were cotton ho- siery, $690,000 cotton and woollen gloves, $1,025,000 embroideries, laces, and dress trimmings. It is connected by railway with Dresden and Leipsic. The first church was built here by the emperor Otho I. in 938. The town became a free imperial city under Rudolph of Hapsburg, and remained so during four centuries. The reformation was intro- duced by Henry the Pious in 1539. The thirty years' war ruined the town, but industry re- vived toward the end of the 17th century, when Chemnitz began to supply the German mar- kets with cotton goods. In 1765 hoisery began to be made ; in 1770 the first cloth manufactory was established; in 1775 the English quilt weaving was established here; the English hand loom was introduced in 1790; the Ark- wright system of cotton manufacture in 1799. The continental blockade became a source of prosperity for Chemnitz, but subsequently, under the free trade system upheld by Saxony, while the surrounding countries maintained a protective tariff, the manufacturing interests of the town received a great blow, from which it only began slowly to revive in 1834, Saxony having joined the Zollverein. The growing trade with the United States gave an additional impetus to its industrial prosperity. The cot- ton goods, especially hosiery, compete success- fully with those of England in excellence and cheapness, one factory, the largest in Saxony, having 18,600 spindles. The town is well built, containing some fine edifices, as St. James's church, with a lofty steeple and re- markable bell, the town house, and the cloth hall. There are five Protestant churches, and one Roman Catholic church ; a Lutheran gym- nasium, Reahchule, technical school, and com- mercial school, attended by many pupils from abroad ; a chamber of commerce and industry, United States consulate, and several banks. In 1872 there were published here two daily newspapers and three other periodicals. CHEMNITZ. I. Martin (CHEMNITIUS), a German Protestant reformer, born at Treuenbrietzen, Nov. 9, 1522, died in Brunswick, April 8, 1586. He studied at Magdeburg and Frankfort-on- the-Oder, and went in 1544 to Wrietzen-on- the-Oder, where he saved from his earnings in teaching enough to maintain him for a year at the university. The year 1546 he spent at Wittenberg, under the instructions of Melanch- thon, by whose advice he gave his attention to mathematics and astronomy. The following year he went to Konigsberg, and obtained a situation as rector of the cathedral school. His knowledge of astronomy attracted the atten-