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 CIIEATHAM CHEESE 1854. He devoted himself especially to the painting of flowers and fruit, and designed and engraved many plates for works on natural history, anatomy, &c. ; among which are the Traits des accouchement* by Maygrier, the Ocoloyie humaine by Velpeau, the Embryo- genie comparee by Coste, the Anatomic pa- thologiqne by Cruveilher, and the Flore des Canaries by Webb. He made also 40 studies of medicinal plants in aquarelle for the medical school in Lexington, Kentucky. In 1835 he was named professor of design in the museum of natural history in Paris. He painted for the museum many of the wild animals after nature, and some genre pictures and portraits, among the latter one of Washington. His son, CHARLES CAMILLK, born in Paris in 1826, is also a painter of some note. HIKtTimi, a N. W. county of Tennessee, intersected by Cumberland river; area, 350 sq. in. ; pop. in 1870, 6,678, of whom 1,470 wer colored. The surface is undulating. It is trav- ersed by the Nashville and Northwestern rail- road. The chief productions in 1870 were 19,- 572 bushels of wheat, 274,052 of Indian corn, 44,585 of oats, 62 bales of cotton, and 419,265 Ibs. of tobacco. There were 1,450 horses, 1,529 milch cows, 2,732 other cattle, 4,825 sheep, and 14,980 swine. There were 12 saw mills and a manu- factory of gunpowder. Capital, Ashland City. CHEAT RIVER, in West Virginia, is formed by the union of the Laurel, Glade, Shaver's and Dry forks, which rise among the Alleghany mountains, near the N. border of Pocahontas co., and meet in Tucker co. It flows N. and N. W. through a hilly country, well adapted to grazing, and rich in coal and iron, and falls into the Monongahela at the 8. W. extremity of Fayette co., Pa. It furnishes fine water power, and is navigable 40 m. above Rowles- burg, but not in its lower course. CHEBOYGAN, an extreme N. county of Michi- gan, bordering on the straits of Mackinaw and Lake Huron; area, about 500 sq. in. ; pop. in 1870, 2,196. It is drained by Black and Che- boygan rivers, and contains several lakes. The chief productions in 1870 were 1,070 bushels of wheat, 8,285 of oats, 8,484 of potatoes, 1,267 of peas and beans, and 349 tons of hay. The total value of live stock was $20,585. There were 2 ship-building establishments and 6 saw mills. Capital. Duncan. CHECKERBERRY. See PARTRIDGE BERRY, and WIXTERQREE.V. CH&DOTEL, a Norman navigator, the dates of whose birth and death are unknown. On ac- count of his thorough knowledge of the coasts of New France he was selected in 1598 to guide thither the expedition of the marquis de la Roche. On his arrival at Sable island he landed 50 men, the most of whom were from the French prisons, an<l departed to examine the coast of Acadia. He was prevented by stress of weath- er from landing on his return, and the men re- mained on the island for seven years, leading the life of savages. In 1605 the parliament 6f Ronen sent him for them, and he recovered 12, all that remained. Arrived in France in a state of destitution, they were presented to Henry IV., who gave to each 50 crowns and a pardon. CHEDUBA, an island in the bay of Bengal, be- longing to the district of Ramree; area, about 400 sq. m. ; pop. about 6,000. It was first oc- cupied by the English in 1824. The channel between it and the mainland is navigable for small vessels. Copper, iron, and silver have been found in this island, and it affords indica- tions of extinct volcanoes. It produces petro- leum, rice, tobacco, pepper, sugar, cotton, hemp, and indigo. CHEE-FOO, a town of China, and one of the last ports opened to foreign trade, in the prov- ince of Shantung, lat. 37 80' N., Ion. 121 28' E. ; pop. variously estimated from 25,000 to 80,000. The chief trade consists in tea pressed into cakes for the Russian market. A species of large delicious grape is cultivated here, though no wine is made. CHEESE, the curd of milk, separated from the whey and compressed into a solid mass. It consists of the cascine and butter and a portion of the water and saline constituents of the milk, and whatever salt may be added in the manu- facture. The proportion of butter is subject to the greatest variation, depending as it does upon the richness of the milk, and the quantity which may have been abstracted by skimming, or which, as in Stilton cheese, may have been added by taking cream from other milk. Ca- seine (from Lat. caseus, cheese) is the coagulable constituent, and belongs to the group of albu- minoids or proteine compounds which compose the principal part of the nitrogenous material of plants and animals. It is found not only in milk, but in other animal fluids. According to Berzelins, Braconnot, and others, it has two modifications, one soluble and the other insolu- ble in water; but later investigations have shown that its solubility depends upon its com- bination with a portion of alkali, and as found in milk it may be regarded as a natural alkali- albumen, similar to that found in the blood. As analyzed by Scherer, it consists, after de- ducting the ash, of carbon 52'7, hydrogen, 7'2, and nitrogen 15'6. Walther and Verdeil found one part of sulphur. Mulder found 6 per cent, of phosphate of calcium, which is precipitated by adding an acid. It is concluded, therefore, that pure caseine can only exist in a soluble condition, and that when precipitated by co- agulation it is deprived of a part of its constitu- ents. The spontaneous coagulation of milk has been generally regarded as caused by the action upon caseine of lactic acid which has been formed by the fermentation of lactose or sugar of milk; but late investigations have created some doubt as to the extent to which lactic acid alone acts as the agent. Organic bodies have been found in new milk which are capable of being developed into a ferment, to which some have ascribed the power of causing caseine to coagulate. How far this ferment may act in