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 CARRAGEEN CARRERA 25 to the base of the mountain, whence they are transported to Marino, the port of shipment. This marble range extends over many square It-allies. The whole number of quarries is es- timated at about 400, of which 40 or 50 are constantly worked, employing about 1,200 men. Those of the statuary marble do not exceed 12 in all, but are the most productive as well as the most valuable. They are the property of a few of the principal families of Carrara. The Carrara marble, which was formerly re- garded as a primitive limestone, proved to be an altered limestone of the oolitic period. The causes by which the change of its structure was effected have also served to obliterate all traces of the fossils which are usually found in the rocks of this period. An analysis of the best quality of this marble by Kappel gives : Carbonate of lime 98-7654 Carbonate of magnesia 0-9002 Oxides of iron and manganese, and alumina 0-0825 Silica, trace of phosphoric acid, and loss 0-0961 Quartz sand 0-1558 100-0000 CARRAGEEN, or Irish Moss, a marine plant (chondrm crispus), which grows upon the rocks of the coasts of Europe, particularly of Ireland, and is said to be a native of the United States. It is collected for the preparation of a light and nutritious food for invalids, and is particularly recommended in pulmonary and scrofulous affections, dysentery, diarrhoea, &c. It is prepared by macerating it in cold water, in which it swells without dissolving, and which removes the taste of extraneous matters mixed with it. It is then boiled in water, of which three pints are used to the ounce of moss. Milk instead of water makes a more nutritious preparation. It dissolves and gelatinizes, and the jelly is flavored with lemon juice, and sweetened with sugar. (See ALG^E.) CARRE, Michel, a French dramatist, born in 1819, died at Argenteuil, near Paris, June 29, 1872. He studied at the college Charlemagne, and published in 1841 a volume of poetry, and in 1843 his first drama, La jeunesse de Lu- ther. Subsequently he wrote for the stage to- gether with Jules Barbier and others. Among their joint productions are the librettos of Les noces de Figaro (1858), Le pardon de Ploermel (1859), La reine de Saba and Lalla Rouck (1862), and Mignon (1866). CARREL, Nieolas Armand, a French journalist, born at Rouen, May 8, 1800, died at St. Mande, near Paris, July 24, 1836. The son of a mer- chant, he was educated at St. Cyr, and en- tered the army as sub-lieutenant. He secretly participated in the Belfort conspiracy in 1821, but eluded suspicion. His political opinions be- came known on the occasion of the outbreak of the Spanish revolution. A letter he had written to the cortes came into the hands of his colonel, when he resigned his commission, and entered the foreign legion in Spain. When the French army invaded the peninsula, Carrel was made prisoner, and was three times tried before a court martial, but escaped punish- ment. He was then engaged for a few months as an amanuensis to the historian Augustm Thierry ; subsequently he wrote two essays on the history of Scotland and of modern Greece, and a biographical notice of Paul Louis Courier, the French pamphleteer ; he was also editor of the Revue Americaine, a short-lived monthly, and an occasional contributor to several lead- ing opposition papers, such as the Comtitu- tionnel and the Globe. But he did not gain much literary reputation until the appearance of his Histoire de la centre-revolution en An- gleterre. At the commencement of 1830, with Thiers and Mignet, he founded the National as an organ of their political views. Thiers, being the oldest and best known of the three, was the leading editor, while Carrel wrote chiefly for the literary department of the paper. The National had much influence in bringing about the revolution of 1830. When it was accomplished, Carrel was sent on a mission into the western departments, where his wise measures and personal influence contributed to maintain tranquillity. During his absence he had been nominated prefect of the department of Cantal; he declined the appointment, and went back to the National, of which he now assumed the chief editorship. Under his con- trol, and chiefly by his contributions, the Na- tional became a most vigorous and eloquent journal, and gave to the republican party a standing which it never had before. The boldness of his course drew on him the anger of the government, but the measures taken against him could not damp his ardor. He was the first to vindicate the memory of Mar- shal Ney before the court of peers ; and his temerity would have been severely punished if he had not been supported by Gen. Excel- mans. His quickness of temper involved him in several duels. His last encounter was with Emile de Girardin, who had challenged him. Girardin was slightly wounded in the thigh, and Carrel received a ball in the abdomen. He was taken to the house of one of his friendg at St. Mand6, and died two days after. His collected works have been published (5 vols., Paris, 1858). CARRENO DE MIRANDA, Jnan, a Spanish paint- er, born in 1614, died in 1685. As a colorist, the Spaniards rank him with Titian and Van- dyke. His principal paintings are a " Magda- len in the Desert," at Madrid; a "Holy Fam- ily," at Toledo ; and a " Baptism of our Sav- iour," at Alcala de Henares. CARRERA, Rafael, president of Guatemala, born in the city of Guatemala in 1814, of mixed Indian and negro blood, died April 14, 1865. In 1829, when Morazan was president of the federal government, Carrera became a drummer boy. Subsequently he retired to the village of Metaquascuintla, where he married a woman of singularly energetic character, his constant companion throughout his subsequent career. In 1837 he placed himself at the head