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 CHARLES CHARLESTON 313 sity. His talents were high, and no member of the Stuart family ever exhibited more prac- tical ability. His conduct in the campaign of 1745-'6 evinced an original genius for war. He found himself in circumstances entirely new, and he adapted himself to them with all the facility of genius. The history of Charles, and of his Scottish campaign, has been written by Walter Scott, Robert Chambers, Pichot, J. H. Jesse, Earl Stanhope, 0. L. Klose, and oth- ers. There is much curious matter respecting the conduct of the Jacobites, and of the prince and his family, in the "Memoirs of Sir R. Strange, and of Andrew Lumisden," by Mr. Dennistoun, Mr. Lumisden having been private secretary to both Charles and his father. In the early years of the 19th century the interest in the history of " the young pretender " was renewed by the writings of Scott, who intro- duced him into two of his novels, " Waverley " and " Redgauntlet." CHARLES, Jacques Alexandra Cesar, a French physicist, born at Beaugency, Nov. 12, 1746, died in Paris, April 7, 1823. He was remark- able for his skill in public experiments and de- monstrations ; and his lecture room, in which he popularized the electrical discovery of Frank- lin, was attended by one of the most brilliant assemblies of Paris. Montgolfier having sent up a balloon filled with rarefied air, Charles immediately constructed the first balloon ever made capable of holding hydrogen gas, with which an aeronaut successfully ascended, Aug. 2, 1783. Charles afterward made an aero- static voyage himself, rising to the height of 7,000 ft. He invented the megascope and oth- er ingenious optical instruments, was a mem- ber of the academy of sciences and librarian of the institute, and had one of the most beauti- ful cabinets in Europe. CHARLES CITY, a S. E. county of Virginia, bounded S. by James river, N". and E. by the Chickahominy ; area, 184 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,975, of whom 3,153 were colored. It was one of the eight original shires into which Virginia was divided in 1634. The chief productions in 1870 were 55,269 bushels of wheat, 111,244 of Indian corn, and 47,578 of oats. There were 355 horses, 880 milch cows, 926 other cattle, and 3,903 swine. Capital, Charles City Court House. CHARLES MIX, a S. E. county of Dakota, having the Missouri river on its S. W. border ; pop. in 1870, 152, of whom 117 were civilized Indians. The chief productions in 1870 were 8,810 bushels of Indian corn, and 1,315 of po- tatoes. The value of live stock was $22,250. Capital, Greenwood. CHARLES RIVER, a stream rising in Worces- ter co., Mass., and flowing through Norfolk and Middlesex counties into Boston harbor. The towns on its banks are Hopkinton, Milford, Bellingham, Franklin, Medway, Medfield, Sher- burne, Dover, Dedham, Needham, Natick, Newton, Waltham, Watertown, Brighton, and Cambridge. It affords numerous sites for mills and factories, and is navigable to Watertown, 7 m. W. of Boston. The lower part of its course is the favorite training place of the boat clubs of Harvard university. It is now (1873) proposed to draw from the upper part of this river an additional supply of water for Boston. CHARLES'S WAIN, a name given to the con- stellation Ursa Major, or the Great Bear, often called also the Dipper. The literal meaning of the name is the rustic's wagon, and some fancied resemblance doubtless was the occasion of its use. CHARLESTON, a county of South Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic, including several islands, of which the largest is Edisto ; area, 1,906 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 88,863, of whom 60,603 were colored. The Santee river bounds it on the north, and it is drained by Ashley and Cooper rivers, which unite to form the harbor of Charleston. The other chief river is the Edisto, and there are numerous inlets, inclu- ding, besides Charleston harbor, the N. and S. Edisto and S. Santee, which are generally navi- gable by small craft. The coast is broken by several bays and protected by a stretch of sandy islands. The surface is low, level, and in some places exposed to inundation. The soil em- braces every variety, from the richest alluvia] mould to the most sterile sand. There are large quantities of waste land, most of it re- claimable. The famous sea island cotton is raised along the rivers and coast. Formerly indigo, tobacco, silk, and wine were exten- sively produced. The olive, orange, and lemon have been found to mature in the open air, though cut down by occasional severe winters. The palmetto and the pine are among the in- digenous forest trees. The South Carolina railroad, which terminates at Charleston city, runs through this county, and also the Savan- nah and Charleston and the Northeastern railroads. A communication between the San- tee and Cooper rivers has been opened by a canal 22 m. long. The chief productions in 1870 were 170,087 bushels of Indian corn, 24,110 of peas and beans, 62,984 of sweet pota- toes, 5,512 bales of cotton, and 4,329,217 Ibs. of rice. There were 1,044 horses, 1,220 mules and asses, 2,565 milch cows, 4,321 other cat- tle, 2,869 sheep, and 10,390 swine. Capital, Charleston. CHARLESTON, a city, the capital of West Vir- ginia and of Kanawha county, on the Kana- wha river, 60 m. from its mouth and at its confluence with Elk river, 233 m. W. by N. of Richmond, and 130 m. S. by W. of Wheeling; pop. in 1870, 3,162, of whom 761 were colored. The Kanawha is 300 yards wide here, and is navigable throughout the year. The valley of this river is rich in salt, coal, iron, and timber, and Charleston is a central point for the work- ing and shipping of these articles. In the vi- cinity of the city are 10 salt furnaces; more salt is made here annually than at any other point in the country except Syracuse, N. Y.