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 CHARLES EDWARD 311 Burgundian army was put to flight (March 3) ; as Charles said, " Twenty thousand men turned their backs on ten thousand without drawing a sword," and the slaughter of the fugitives was frightful. But the victorious Swiss soon returned from the pursuit to plunder the camp. The spoils were enormous. Charles, with the intention of holding his court in Savoy, and dazzling the Italian powers by its splendor, had brought with him the state jewels, para- phernalia, and regalia, all of which fell into the hands of the Swiss. These spoils included three great diamonds, one of which is now in the papal tiara, another in the treasury of Vienna, and the third is believed to be the celebrated Sanci diamond owned by Prince Demidoff. The Swiss churches and arsenals stHl exhibit Burgundian tapestries, banners, cannon, and suits of armor as trophies of the field of Granson. The remnants of the Bur- gundian army gathered in camp at Lausanne, where, after long prostration by illness, Charles organized another army, with which he in- vested Morat. The confederates gave him battle, June 22, and completely annihilated his army. Charles's loss has been estimated at from 22,000 to 26,000 men, but by this battle he lost also Lorraine. He was now alone; his allies shrank from him, and he was looked upon as a doomed man. The pope, the em- peror of Germany, and Matthias Corvinus of Hungary made a combined effort to save him by offers of mediation with the confederates ; but the unconquerable pride of Charles made their efforts fruitless. He gathered an army of 20,000 men, and in September commenced a prolonged siege of Nancy, during which his army dwindled to 10,000. He was urged to withdraw from Lorraine, but stubbornly re- fused. He would not await an attack in his camp, but on the night of Saturday, Jan. 4, 1477, he silently marched his forces to a posi- tion half a league southeast of Nancy. On Sunday morning, after mass, the troops of Rene, duke of Lorraine, marched out against the Burgundians. The battle was brief. Charles fought with desperation, but was soon struck down by a Swiss halberd. In an hour the Burgundian army was destroyed. On Mon- day the stripped and mutilated body of the duke was found in a ditch, and was brought to Nancy, where it lay in state for five days in front of the high altar in the church of St. George, and on the following Sunday it was buried. In September, 1550, it was removed to Bruges and laid beside the remains of his daughter in the church of Notre Dame. A simple stone cross still marks the spot where the body of Charles the Bold, the last duke of Burgundy, was found in the field of Nancy. See " History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy," by John Foster Kirk (3 vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1864-'8). CHARLES EDWARD (Louis PHILIP CASIMIE), an English prince, called the young pretender, son of James Stuart and Clementina Sobieska, and grandson of James II., born in Rome, Dec. 31, 1720, died there, Jan. 30, 1788. The Jacobite party saw in his birth ground for new hopes. The incapacity of the pretender, or chevalier de St. George, as exhibited in 1715- '16, and the failure of Alberoni's plan for his restoration in 1719, had well nigh driven them to despair. The birth of Charles Edward, and the high character of the race to which his mother belonged, caused a reaction in their feelings, and prolonged the struggle between the constitutionalists and the divine-right par- ty for another generation, which was marked by desperate intrigue, and was concluded in wholesale slaughter. Charles early gave indi- cations of talent, and of a firmness of purpose inherited from his mother, which misfortune caused to degenerate into sheer obstinacy. He was well educated by Protestant tutors, ac- quiring accurate knowledge of English, French, and Italian, and of the history of England. His physical education was attended to, and he was dexterous in all manly exercises. He had some taste for the fine arts and skill in music. In his 14th year he made his first campaign, serving hi the Spanish army that besieged Gaeta, in the war between Spain and Austria. Though so young, he bore himself bravely. In 1737 he made the tour of Italy, and, to the an- noyance of the British government, was every- where well received. At Venice the honors due to a crowned head were accorded to him, for which the Venetian ambassador was dis- missed from England. His character at this time was that of an amiable, accomplished youth, and his sweetness of disposition is fre- quently mentioned. From a very early period his mind dwelt upon the thought of recovering the British throne, and England and France becoming involved in the war of the Austrian succession, Charles was invited to France in 1744 to take command of an army that was to be sent to England. He went to Paris, but Louis XV. would not see him. He made a fa- vorable impression on all persons with whom he came in contact, and particularly upon Marshal Saxe, who was to have been the real head of the invading army. That army was assembled on the chamiel coast, and consisted of 15,000 men. The transports were to be convoyed by 20 ships of the line and 5 frigates. The English were greatly alarmed. Their channel fleet was small, most of their ships being in the Mediterranean, where they had been sent to the assistance of the house of Austria. The prince and the marshal embark- ed at the close of February. This was the most favorable turn that the fortunes of the Stuarts ever took after the flight of James II. There was much discontent in England, they had a powerful party in Scotland, and the Irish Catholics looked upon them as promised deliverers. Marshal Saxe was the ablest of living soldiers, and Charles was enthusiastic and resolute. But on March 6 a great storm arose and raged for a week. Many vessels