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 CARPZOV CARRACCI 23 The demiurge and ruling spirits have drawn it away from this union. One of their meth- ods of accomplishing it is by laws or religious duties and observances, such as self-denial and control of appetites and passions, and general humiliation and penances. This Gnostic anti- nomianism developed itself into a practical life of freedom from moral restraint, which Carpo- crates and his son Epiphanes took all pains to justify. The gratification of the appetites and passions became a duty, and salvation by Jesus was only attainable on the condition of perfect abandonment to an antinomian life. Jesus was simply a man of superior soul, who had the power to discern the real difficulty, and strength to achieve his own practical redemp- tion and point the way for others. Carpocrates and his followers rejected the gospels of Mat- thew and Luke, and the entire Old Testament, as the contrivance of the demiurge to keep men in subjection. They also denied the resur- rection of the body. CARPZOV, a family of learned Germans, said to be descended from a Spanish family named Oar- pezano, who were driven from their country by religious persecution at the beginning of the 1 6th century. The founder of the German family was SIMON CARPZOV, burgomaster of Branden- burg about 1550. His son JOACHIM reached a high rank in the Danish army, and died in 1628; and another son, BENEDICT (1565-1624), was professor of jurisprudence at Wittenberg, chancellor of the dowager electress Sophie, and again professor. Benedict left five sons, one of whom, also named BENEDICT (1595-1666), acquired eminence as a jurist in Leipsic and Dresden, and his Practica nova, Rerum Crimina- lium (Wittenberg, 1635 ; new ed. by Bohmer, 5 vols., Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1758) and other works exerted great influence on the judiciary in Saxony and other countries. His four brothers were likewise men of great erudition and piety, especially JOHANN BENEDICT (1607- '57), who was professor of theology and preach- er at Leipsic, and the author of Systema Theo- logies (2 vols., Leipsic, 1653) and other works. The latter had a son also named JOHANN BENE- DICT (1639-'99), a clergyman, who published De Pontificum Hebrceorum Vestitu and other critical works. Prominent among the brothers of the preceding were FRIEDRIOH BENEDICT (1649-'99), collaborator m Mencken's Ac to, Eru- ditorum, and SAMUEL BENEDICT (1647-1707), professor of poetry and chief chaplain of the court of Saxony. One of the latter's sons, JOHANN GOTTLOB (1679-1767), was in the front rank of the theologians of his day. He was pro- fessor of oriental languages at Leipsic (1719- '30), and superintendent at Lilbeck (1730-'67) ; and his works include Introductio in Libros Canonicos Bibliorum Veteris Testamenti Omnes (Leipsic, 1721), and Critica Sacra Veteris Testa- menti (1728). Among the later members of the family was JOHANN BENEDICT (1720-1803), who was successively professor of philosophy at Leipsic and of poetry and Greek philology at Helmstedt, and ended his life as an abbot after having taught theology. He occupied himself with philological labors, especially with gram- matical commentaries on the New Testament. (ARK, Dabney, a member of the house of bur- gesses of Virginia, born in 1744, died at Char- lottesville, May 16, 1773. He moved and elo- quently supported a resolution to appoint a committee of grievances and correspondence, in consequence of British encroachments, which was adopted, March 3, 1773. He married a sister of Jefferson, by whom he is described as a man of eloquence, judgment, and inflexible purpose, mingled with amiability. ('AIMS, Sir Robert, British commissioner in New England, died at Bristol, June 1, 1667. He was appointed to that office by Charles II. in 1664, in conjunction with Nicolls, Cart- wright, and Maverick. In 1664 Nicolls and Carr captured New Amsterdam from the Dutch, and called it New York, in honor of the king's brother, the duke of York, afterward James II. Carr forced the Swedes and Dutch on the Del- aware into a capitulation. He returned to Boston in 1665, and in conjunction with his coadjutors assumed the government. CARRACCI. I. Ludovko, the founder of the Bolognese school of painting, born in Bologna in 1555, died there in 1619. His first master, Prospero Fontana, a Bolognese painter, so little appreciated his capacity that he advised him to adopt some other profession. His slowness of execution was so remarkable that his fellow pupils called him in ridicule the ox. From Bologna he went to Venice, and studied with Tintoretto. Subsequently he visited Florence and Parma, where he gave much attention to the works of Andrea del Sarto, Correggio, and Parmigiano. The object of these varied stud- ies was presently developed in the establish- ment of his school of painting, known as the eclectic school of Bologna. In this project he secured the assistance of his cousins Agostino and Annibale, who joined him in Bologna about 1585. In a few years their school was over- flowing with pupils, "and all the others in Bo- logna closed. As the head of the academy, Ludovico resided chiefly at Bologna ; and his merit is more that of a teacher than of a pro- ductive artist. He has left many works at Bo- logna, including his fresco paintings in the pa- lazzi Magnani and Zampieri ; his series of scenes from the history of St. Benedict and St. Cecilia, in the convent of St. Michael at Bosco; an "Assumption of the Blessed Virgin," one of his best works ; and the " Birth of St. John the Baptist." He also painted many "Ecce Ho- mos " and "Pietas." II. Agostino, cousin of the preceding, born at Bologna in 1558, died in 1601. He was the son of a tailor, was instruct- ed in the goldsmith's art, and afterward became an engraver. At the invitation of Ludovico he embarked in his project for founding a new school of art in Bologna, but first went through a course of studies at Bologna, Rome, Parma, and Venice. To Agostino were assigned tho