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 300 CHAKLES (SARDINIA) CHARLES (SAVOY) of Brunswick. The queen also fell into his hands, and he urged her to confirm her former adoption of him ; upon her refusal he shut her up in the castle of Muro, where she was put to death by his order, May 22, 1382. The ar- rival of the duke of Anjou brought on a des- ultory war which lasted two years, until the duke died, Oct. 11, 1384. Urban VI. was then at Nocera, in the kingdom of Naples, in- triguing for the crown for his nephew. Charles, who was ill, invited Urban to come to Naples, but received for reply that it was customary for kings to come to popes, not for popes to go to kings. Margaret, the wife of Charles, in order to get rid of the pope, prohibited the bringing of wine to Nocera, whereupon Urban excommunicated Charles and his queen, and | laid the kingdom under interdict, and ineffect- ive hostilities took place. In 1385 the Hun- garian magnates, discontented with the rule of Elizabeth, widow of Louis the Great, invited Charles to assume the government. He re- paired to Hungary, and was crowned Dec. 81, 1885; but on the 6th of the following Feb- ruary he was stabbed by order of Elizabeth, and in her presence ; he survived three weeks. As he was under excommunication, his corpse remained without sepulture till 1391. v. SARDINIA. CHARLES ALBERT (CARLO ALBEBTO AMADEO), king of Sardinia, born Oct. 2,1798, died at Opor- to, July 28, 1849. The son of Charles Emannel of Savoy-Carignan, of a younger branch of the royal family, and having consequently no hope of ever obtaining the crown except by the ex- tinction of the direct line, he early adopted liberal principles, and was even affiliated with the carbonari. Being appointed regent, March 13, 1821, on the abdication of King Victor Emanuel, he proclaimed in Sardinia the consti- tution adopted by the cortes of Spain and ap- pointed a provisional junta; but his plans were baffled by the marching of an Austrian army into Piedmont, and the rejection by King Charles Felix of all his measures. He then withdrew from Turin, resigned his office, and left the kingdom. In 1828 he served as a vol- unteer in the French army which under the duke of Angouleme invaded Spain, to crush its restored liberty ; he was consequently charg- ed with perfidy by his old associates. In 1824 he was allowed to return to Turin, and for a while in 1829 held the post of viceroy of the isl- and of Sardinia. On the death of Charles Fe- lix, the last of the elder branch, April 27, 1831, Charles Albert succeeded to the throne, and adopted a policy which was far from realizing the anticipations of the partisans of freedom. Some reforms took place; the feudal system was abolished; encouragement was given to agriculture, industry, and science ; civil and criminal laws were reduced to a code ; and the army received an entirely new organization, which greatly increased its efficiency ; but these measures were mingled with many others hostile to national liberty. On the accession of Pope Pius IX. in 1846 Charles Albert seemed to re- turn to his former inclinations, granted a con- stitution to Sardinia, created a civic guard, am- nestied the exiles of 1821, and granted more liberty to the press. On the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 he presented himself as the champion of Italian independence, and at once aided with his arms the insurgents in Lombardy and the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Mo- dena, refusing French offers of aid with the words, Vltalia fard da sd (" Italy will help herself"). He fought successfully at first, de- feating the Austrians at Pastrengo, April 30, 1848; Goito, May 29; and reducing Pizzighet- tone and Peschiera. But, ill supported by the Lombard troops, he was in his turn worsted at Custozza, July 25, by Marshal Radetzky, who had taken Vicenza, Treviso, and Padua, obliged to hastily retreat to and from Milan, and had to sue for an armistice, through which he lost all his former advantages. On the expiration of the truce, relying on the simultaneous ope- rations of the Hungarians against the Austri- ans, he resumed hostilities; but his army, un- der Gen. Chrzanowski, was completely de- stroyed at Novara, March 28, 1849, and the hopes which Italy had placed in him were en- tirely lost. He then resigned the crown to his elder son, Victor Emanuel II., and retired to Oporto, where he died four months later. VI. SAVOY. CHARLES I.M VM I:L I., the Great, duke of Savoy, born at the castle of Rivoli, Jan. 12, 1562, died at Savillan, July 26, 1630. He suc- ceeded his father, Philibert Emanuel, surnamed Ironhead, in 1580. His bold and enterprising spirit soon embroiled him in the wars of his time, and he successively entered into alliances with Spain, France, and the emperor of Ger- many, which he broke, however, as soon as it suited his interests. But he was possessed of remarkable talent, even of great scientific ac- complishments, and distinguished himself by his courage in many a battle. In 1585 he mar- ried Catharine, the daughter of Philip II. of Spain. This connection, and some pretensions to the throne of France after the death of Henry III., made him the enemy of Henry IV., who had still to conquer his kingdom. Involv- ed in war with Henry for the marquisate of Saluzzo, and with the Swiss cantons of Geneva and Bern, he was compelled by a defeat at St. Joire (October, 1589) to an unprofitable peace; but he soon recommenced hostilities in alliance with the Catholic league, penetrated into Pro- vence, occupied Barcelonette, Antibes, and Frejus, and entered Aix as victor (November, 1590). This was but the commencement of a long war, which was carried on with varied suc- cess, 'and after a series of victories and defeats was terminated by the peace of Lyons (1601), which gave Saluzzo to Charles Emanuel in ex- change for some small frontier districts ceded to France. He then made a sudden attack on