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 CHALYBlUS CHAMBERLAIN 237 eds., Paris, 1825 and 1826). Having become engaged in a dispute with the duke d'Aiguillon, governor of Brittany, that functionary accused him of seditious proceedings, and had him ar- rested (Nov. 11, 1765), with four of his col- leagues and his son Oaradeuc de la Chalotais, who was also a procureur g6n6 ral in the Rennes parliament. He was detained in the castle of St. Malo, and wrote there, Jan. 15, 1766, with his toothpick in the absence of pens, his first me- moir in vindication of his course. Voltaire aver- red that this toothpick had achieved immortali- ty. He wrote several similar memoirs, and the proceedings against him, being regarded as an infringement of the rights of parliament, gave rise to protracted controversies. The parlia- ment eventually instituted proceedings against the duke d'Aiguillon, who was proved to have procured evidence against La Chalotais by false witnesses, and whose papers were seized and publicly burned by order of the parliament, though he brought countercharges against his adversaries, and the crown seemed to take up his case as against parliament. After much agitation the matter came before the parlia- ment of Paris in 1770. Louis XV. at first presided, but soon withdrew on the pretext that his royal authority was impaired by the pretensions of the parliament. This body, however, insisted on its prerogatives, and con- tinued its investigations ; but La Chalotais did not recover his liberty till 1775, after the king's death, when he resumed his previous posi- tion at the parliament of Rennes. Le prows de M. de la Chalotais was published in 1767 (3 vols. 4to). CHALYBAUS, Heinrich Moritz, a German phi- losopher, born at Pfaffroda, Saxony, July 3, 1796, died in Dresden, Sept. 22, 1862. He studied philology and philosophy, received the degree of D. D. from the Leipsic university in 1820, became teacher and professor in various places, and was from 1839 to 1862 professor of philosophy at the university of Kiel, with the exception of a brief period subsequent to the Schleswig-Holstein war. This appointment was mainly due to the reputation of his Histo- rische Entwiclcelung der speculativen Philoso- phic von Kant bis Hegel (Dresden, 1836 ; 5th ed., 1860; English translation by Tulk, Lon- don, 1854). He wrote several other works, the most important of which was System der speculativen Ethik (2 vols., Leipsic, 1850), in which he defines ethics as the complete embod- iment of absolute truth. His Philosophic und Christenthum (Kiel, 1853) and Fundamental- Philosophie (1861) were his latest publications. CHALYBEATE (from Chalybes, a Scythian people, S. and S. E. of the Black sea, who worked in iron, whence Gr. x^i*, steel), a name now applied to waters and medicines which contain iron. It generally exists in them in the state of the carbonate of the protoxide, which is soluble so long as an excess of car- bonic acid gas is present ; as this is given off, the protoxide absorbs oxygen, and is converted into an insoluble hydrated sesquioxide, which falls down as a yellow ochreous powder. Chaly- beate waters possess a styptic taste, and give the characteristic reactions indicative of the presence of iron by the addition of nutgalls and of ferrocyanuret of potassium. In this country springs that might claim this name are very common. The most important of them are those of Bedford and Brandywine in Pennsyl- vania. Arsenic and copper are found in Eu- rope in the sediment of chalybeate springs. They appear to do no harm, on account of the antidotal properties of the oxide of iron. CHAM, the assumed name of AMEDJSE NOB, a French caricaturist, born in Paris, Jan. 26, 1819. He is a son of the count de No6, studied painting, and acquired celebrity by his caricatures in the Charivari and other illustra- ted papers, many of which have been collected in separate publications. He is also the joint or sole author of librettos and vaudevilles. His cartoons, many of which have a political aspect, are notable for their sharp point and free, spirited execution. I'll A MA (Gr. ^dw, to gape), a genus of lamelli- branchiate bivalves of the family chamidce, which includes also the genera monopleura and diceras, all distinguished by inequivalve shells, one of which has two teeth and the other one ; the foot is small, as also the correspond- ing pedal orifice. More than 50 species are described, inhabiting tropical seas, especially among coral reefs, as deep as 50 fathoms; nearly as many fossil species have been found, from the greensand forward, both in America and Europe. Having two abductor muscles, they belong to the dimyary group, and, like the kindred families of this group, have short siphons and are marked by a simple pallial line. By Linnaeus, Cuvier, and De Blainville, the genus was made of great importance, in- cluding many shells now transferred to other families. The giant clam, tridacna gigas, was one of these. (See CLAM.) CHAMBERLAIN (Fr. chariibellan ; Lat. camera- rius an officer attached to royal courts, and to establishments of the great. The word means simply a person having care of apart- ments, and in its early acceptation was so em- ployed. At present the duties of the office are nominal, or limited to such easy service as at- tending on the person of princes. Formerly the office had so many perquisites that it was sought by individuals of noble families, and finally became one of the grand offices of the crown. The title of grand or great was added to distinguish the chamberlains of sovereigns from those of lesser dignitaries. The earliest officer of this rank in France was appointed by Louis VII. ; 39 chamberlains followed in succession till the time of Louis XIV., when the dignity was suffered to lapse. Napoleon I. revived the office. In Anglo-Saxon times the chamberlain was called the camerarius, and had charge of the king's treasure. Under the Norman kings the office of lord great chamber-