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 OHALMEKS CHALON-SUR-SAONE 235 ment which he had initiated of so increasing the number of churches in the country, that no locality should be without the discipline of re- ligion. In 1834 he was elected fellow of the royal society of Edinburgh, and in 1835 the de- gree of D. C. L. was conferred upon him by the university of Oxford. He had become the ac- knowledged leader of the evangelical party in the church of Scotland, and in 1832, when that party attained the majority, he had received the highest honor which that church can be- stow, by being appointed moderator of the general assembly. It was mainly by his influ- ence that this assembly passed in 1834 the famous veto act, which, being declared illegal, led to violent controversies and disturbances, which culminated in 1843 in a considerable -secession from the established church, and in the foundation of the Free Church of Scotland, with Dr. Chalmers as the first moderator. (See FREE CHUBOH OF SCOTLAND.) He imme- diately resigned his chair in the university, and devoted the remaining four years of his life with his characteristic skill and energy to the organization and consolidation of the new church. At the same time he was the prin- cipal and professor of divinity in the newly established college connected with the Free Church, and wrote for the "North British Re- view," which periodical was founded under his auspices. On his return from a journey to London which he had undertaken to enlist the sympathies of leading statesmen in behalf of his views on national education, he retired to rest in his usual health, but was found next morning dead in bed, without a single trace of suffering on his countenance. The following are his collected writings in the order of their publication (25 vols. 12mo, Edinburgh) : vols. i., ii., "Natural Theology;" iii., iv., "Christian Evidences;" v., "Moral Philosophy;" vi., " Commercial Discourses ;" vii., " Astronomi- cal Discourses;" viii., ix., x., "Congregational Sermons;" xi., "Sermons on Public Occa- sions;" xii., "Tracts and Essays;" xiii., "In- troductory Essays to Select Authors;" xiv., xv., xvi., "Polity of Nations;" xvii., "Church Establishments;" xviii., " Church Extension;" xix., xx., "Political Economy;" xxi., "Paro- chial System;" xxii.-xv., "Lectures on the Ro- mans." His posthumous works, edited by the Rev. Dr. Hanna (9 vols. 12mo, Edinburgh and New York, 1847-'9), are: "Daily Scripture Readings "(3 vols.); " Sabbath Scripture Read- ings " (2 vols.) ; "Sermons," illustrative of dif- ferent stages in his ministry (1 vol.); "Insti- tutes of Theology," a reproduction of his theo- logical lectures (2 vols.) ; " Prelections on But- ler's Analogy " (1 vol.). His "Christian Evi- dences " have passed through many editions, and have been twice translated into German (1834 and 1841), and into French (1819 and 1836). A German translation of his " Civil and Christian Economy of Large Towns," by O. von Gerlach, appeared in Berlin in 1847 ; and a French selection of his sermons by E. Diodati (1825) was followed by Revelation en harmonic wee V astronomie moderne, a version of his " Astronomical Discourses " (1826). His writings on political economy were also highly appreciated in France and Germany, and led the French institute to elect him in 1834 as corresponding member. The principles per- vading his " Political Economy in connection with the Moral State and Prospects of Society " (Glasgow, 1832), being chiefly those of Mal- thus, have incurred the censure of McCulloch, who likewise disapproved of Chalmers's oppo- sition to poor laws and other compulsory pro- visions for the destitute. His literary and sci- entific activity, prodigious as it was, is yet re- garded as on the whole subordinate in impor- tance to his social and ecclesiastical reforms and to the influence of his personal magnetism and genius. Yet his appearance and manner were far from prepossessing ; his face when in repose was singularly unanimated ; his gestures were rather awkward ; his voice was neither strong nor musical ; his style was often inflated, and disfigured by a somewhat eccentric phraseolo- gy. But his earnest piety and fervid imagina- tion, which imparted a poetic charm to his dis- courses and writings, more than redeemed all his oddities. His broad Scotch accent, his unaffect- ed manner, and his strong sympathies with the habits and feelings of the Scotch masses made him as popular with the people as his genius made him famous among scholars. See " Me- moirs of the Life and Writings of Dr. Chal- mers," by his son-in-law, the Rev. William Hanna, LL. D. (4 vols. 8vo, Edinburgh and New York, 1849-'52) ; " Correspondence," edited by the same (1853); "Memorials of his Time," by Henry Cockburn (London, 1856), especially interesting as an authority on Dr. Chalmers's peculiarities of manner ; " Memoir of the Chris- tian Labors, Pastoral and Philanthropic, of Thomas Chalmers," by Francis Wayland (Bos- ton, 1864) ; "Thomas Chalmers, D. D., a Bio- graphical Sketch," by Dean Ramsay (1867); and " Thomas Chalmers, a Biographical Study," by J. Dodds (New York, 1870). In 1869 pre- liminary steps were taken for the erection at Edinburgh of a monument to Chalmers. CHlLON-SUR-SAONE (anc. Cabillonum or Ga- ballinum), a walled city of France, in the de- partment of Sa6ne-et-Loire, 33 m. N. of Ma- con, and 185 m. S. E. of Paris; pop. in 1866, 19,982. It is situated on the Sa6ne, in one of the most fertile regions of Burgundy. It has four suburbs, fine promenades, a splendid quay, and a stone bridge of five arches over the Saone. The principal church is that of St. Vincent, formerly a cathedral. The canal du Centre here unites the Saone with the Loire; and this, with the railway from Paris to Lyons, gives to the town an important transit business. There is also an active trade in wine, vinegar, mustard, grain, and various local manufactures. It was an important city of ancient Gaul and of the Ro- man empire, and figures in Caesar's Commenta- ries. Converted to Christianity by St. Marcel