Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/230

 CEZIMBRA CHABOT even at that remote period. An Indian con- queror is said to have introduced caste about 550 B. C. The island was visited by traders at an early period, by Marco Polo in the 13th and by Sir John Mandeville in the 14th century. Dom Lorenzo Almeida, a Portuguese, visited it in 1505, and was hired by an annual payment of cinnamon to defend its shores against Ara- bian pirates. He found it divided into seven separate kingdoms. Through Almeida the Por- tuguese obtained footing upon the island, and held it for 150 years. Capt. Knox, an English- man, fell into the hands of the Candians in the 17th century, and in 1681 published an in- teresting account of his 20 years' captivity. In 1656 the Dutch expelled the Portuguese. In 1795-'6 the British expelled the Dutch. The island at first belonged to the East India com- pany, and was a part of the Madras presidency, but in 1802 reverted to the British crown. In 1815 the Candians, whose territory occupied the entire interior of the island, and who were independent of foreign rule, called upon the British to depose their tyrannous prince, thus offering a convenient opportunity for the an- nexation of this valuable territory. In 1817 an extensive rebellion was successfully put down. In 1843 and 1848 there were minor attempts at rebellion. See Sir Samuel W. Baker's "Rifle and Hound in Ceylon" (London, 1858), and "Eight Years' Wanderings in Ceylon " (1855) ; Sir James Emerson Tennent's " Ceylon, an Ac- count of the Island, Physical, Historical, and Topographical " (6th ed., 1864), and " Natural History of Ceylon" (1861); and Ransonnet, " Ceylon " (1868). (See CINGALESE LANGUAGE.) CEZIMBRA, a seaport of Portugal, province of Estremadura, on the Atlantic, 20 m. S. of Lisbon ; pop. about 5,000. There are con- siderable fisheries here. Under its walls Al- fonso Henriqnez in 1165 defeated the Moorish king of Badajos. About 8 m. W. of Cezimbra is the pilgrimage chapel of Nostra Senhora do Cobo, on the crest of Cape Espichel, the Pro- montorium Barbaricum of the Romans, from which there is a fine view northward of the rock of Lisbon, and southward of the whole of the Arrabida promontory between the mouths of the Tagus and the Sado, and of almost the whole W. coast of Alemtejo. CHABAS, Franfols Joseph, a French archte- ologist, born at Briancon in 1817. He early devoted himself to scientific studies, and ac- quired eminence as one of the highest recent authorities on Egyptology. His first publica- tion appeared in 1856, and his principal works are: Le papyrus magique Harris (1861); Vo- yage (Vun Egyptien en Syrie (1866); Les pas- teurs en gypte (1868) ; and Etudes sur Vanti- quite historique (1872). The last named work embodies his researches undertaken in conse- quence of the accidental discovery in 1865 of several flint knives in the bed of the Sa6ne, and his subsequent extensive excavations in the same locality. Differing in opinion from most other archaeologists, he assigns a historical ex- istence to many incidents hitherto reputed pre- historic, and avers that science has not yet demonstrated a very high antiquity for man antecedent to the historic period. His ork comprises Egyptological speculation up to the present day, and his researches derived from original sources are presented in a series of disquisitions on the chronology, metals, im- plements, and arms, and on the knowledge of the horse and the camel of the ancient Egyp- tians. The most suggestive chapter treats of the nations known to the Egyptians, and the book closes with a consideration of so-called prehistoric localities, and with a description of the author's discoveries in the valley of the Sa6ne. CHABEBT, Joseph Bernard, marquis de, a French navigator and astronomer, born in Toulon, Feb. 28, 1728, died in Paris, Dec. 1, 1805. He entered the naval service in 1741, became a member of the French academy in 1758, and in 1781 was made commander of a squadron. He lost his sight through over study in 1800, and in 1804 was appointed a member of the board of longitudes. He was an accurate observer and industrious hydro- grapher. He planned and executed maps of the shores of North America, the Mediter- ranean, and especially of Greece. One of his principal works is Voyages sur les cotes de VAmerique Septentrionale (Paris, 1753). CHABLAIS, a former administrative division of the province of Annecy, Savoy, now form- ing the arrondissement of Thonon, in the de- partment of Haute-Savoie, France ; area, 356 sq. m. ; pop. in 1866, 60,198. The Romans raised great numbers of horses in its fine mountain pastures, whence its name Caballica Provincia or Caballicus Ager, corrupted to Chablasium and Chablais. It formed part of the kingdom of Burgundy, and in the llth century was given by the emperor Conrad to Humbert, first count of Savoy, one of whose descendants became count of Chablais in the 14th century. Under the first French empire it formed part of the department of Leman ; in 1814 it was restored to Sardinia, and in 1860 was ceded with the rest of Savoy to France. CHABLIS. See FRANCE, WINES OF. CHABOT, Francois, a French revolutionist, born at Saint Geniez in 1759, died in Paris, April 5, 1794. He was the son of a cook, be- came a Capuchin friar, was appointed grand vicar of the bishop of Blois, and in 1791 was sent to the legislative assembly. He became conspicuous by his democratic zeal, and de- clared that " the citizen Jesus Christ was the first sans-culotte." Chabot was the first to apply to well dressed young men the name of muscadins ; in his person and dress he affect- ed great neglect. He was a member of the convention in 1792, and edited the Journal populaire. At length, however, he lent him- self to the machinations of the enemies of the revolution. An Austrian banker, Junius Frey, one of their most active agents, gained him