Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/178

 170 CELESTE CELESTINE blanching to trenches which are nearly a foot in depth. The plants are repeatedly earthed up till they have risen two feet or more above the Celery (Aplum graveoleng). natural surface. Celeriac is not blanched, but grows openly, exposed to the light. CELESTE, 'Madame, an English dancer and actress, born in Paris, Aug. 16, 1814. Though of French parentage, and a pupil of the con- servatory of the then royal academy of music, she has been connected from her earliest life with the English and American stage. In her 15th year she came to the United States, where she married Mr. Elliot ; but her husband soon dying, she left for England, and in 1830 made her first appearance in Liverpool as Fenella in Masaniello. She soon became very popu- lar, especially in London, as Matilda in the "French Spy." In 1834-7 she again per- formed in the United States, where she ac- quired a considerable fortune. In 1837 she first appeared as an actress at Drury Lane and the Haymarket theatres, London, and in 1838- '40 in the United States. In 1843 she joined Mr. Webster in the management of a theatre at Liverpool, and in 1844 of the Adelphi in London ; and subsequently she was the lessee of the Lyceum till about 1861, having revisited the United States in 1851-'3, where she ap- peared again in 1865, still displaying undimin- ished histrionic power. Her most popular parts were Miami in the "Green Bushes," Miriam, and the Woman in Red. She returned to England in 1868, and retired from the stage Oct. 22, 1870. CELESTINE, the name of five popes. I. Saint, a Roman, died April 6, 432. He was related to the emperor Valentinian II., was created cardinal deacon by Innocent I., and succeeded Pope Boniface, Nov. 3, 422. The heresy of Nestorius induced him* to convoke the coun- cil of Ephesus in 431, at which there were 200 bishops assembled, and which was presided over by his three legates. Celestius, the chief of the Pelagians, having retired into Britain, he sent missionaries there, who in the space of two years brought back that country to the faith. Shortly after this he sent Palladius to Scotland, and St. Patrick to Ireland. Some epistles of this pope have been preserved, but those written to the bishops who had taken part in the election of Nestorius and to Fuen- gius have been lost. II. Gnido di Castello, a disciple of. Ab61ard, died March 8, 1144. He was created cardinal priest by Honorius II., and made governor of Benevento by Innocent II., at whose death he was elected pope, Sept. 26, 1143. As soon as he had ascended the pon- tifical throne he received ambassadors from Louis VII., who came to supplicate peace, and also absolution from the ecclesiastical censures under which the kingdom had been laid by his predecessors. The pope granted their request in the presence of the nobles of Rome. He held the see five months. Only three epistles of his are extant. III. Giacinto Orsinl, born in Rome in 1106, died Jan. 8, 1198. He was created cardinal by Honorius II., and elected pope when past 80 years of age, March 30, 1 191. The day after his consecration he crowned the em- peror Henry VI. and his empress Constance. After the coronation the emperor restored to the pope the city of Tusculum, which the latter gave to the Roman citizens, who, to avenge some former disputes, destroyed it. He after- ward excommunicated the emperor, because he kept Richard Coeur de Lion in prison. Among other noteworthy events of Celestine's pon- tificate was his confirmation of the Teutonic military order in 1192. IV. Goffredo Castlgllone, of Milan, elected pope, Sept. 20, 1241, died Oct. 8. 1241. He was appointed canon and chancellor of his native city, and afterward be- came a monk in the monastery of Altacomba. In 1227 Gregory IX. created him cardinal, and sent him as legate into Tuscany, and after this to Lombardy and to Monte Casino, where he found the emperor Frederick II. preparing to send succors to the Holy Land. Advanced in years at the time of his election, and with health much impaired, he died without having received consecration, and without having pub- lished any bull. V. Pletro Angelerier, born at Isernia, in Naples, died May 19, 1296. He was known as Pietro da Murrorie, from a mountain near Sulmona, where he led a solitary life. When 17 years old he became a Benedictine monk in the monastery of Faifoli, in the diocese of Benevento. After performing extraordinary penances for many years, he went to Rome, where he was ordained priest in 1239. Having spent five years at Murrone, he afterward re- moved to Mount Majella, near Sulmona, where he lived with two other priests in a large cav- ern. He fasted every day except Sunday, and observed four Lents in the year, living on bread and water, working and praying during the entire day and most of the night. About 1254 he founded the religious order called Celestins, which prospered so much during his lifetime