Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/174

 160 CEDAR CEDRON ft. It has a fibrous, shreddy bark ; leaves of a dull, glaucous-green color, very small and scale-like; and an exceedingly durable wood of a reddish color. Every part of the tree is strong-scented. It is used as a material for fences, and is in the highest esteem for shingles and coopers' staves. The red cedar is a native of North America, the West Indies, and also Japan, and attains a height of from 15 to 30 ft. Its wood is odorous, of a bright red color, very compact and durable, and offensive to most insects. It is much used for the purposes of the cabinetmaker and for the outsides of black-lead pencils. In California several va- rieties of the cedar attain an immense size. CEDAR. I. An E. county of Iowa, inter- sected by Cedar and Wapsipinicon rivers ; area, 576 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 19,731. Cedar river, from which the county is named, flows through a narrow pass in the W. part, on either side of which its rocky banks rise per- pendicularly to a great height. The surface is diversified by fertile undulating prairies and woodlands. The S. W. corner is touched by the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad, and the Chicago and Northwestern railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 632,878 bushels of wheat, 2,203,802 of Indian corn, 723,312 of oats, 141,182 of barley, 92,937 of potatoes, 20,916 of flax-seed, 38,820 tons of hay, 28,656 Ibs. of cheese, 741,- 650 of butter, and 35,087 of wool. There were 8,553 horses, 9,194 milch cows, 15,403 other cattle, 7,481 sheep, and 31,898 swine. There were 8 manufactories of carriages and wagons and 6 of saddlery and harness. Capital, Tip- ton. II. A N. E. county of Nebraska, sepa- rated from Dakota on the N. E. by the Mis- souri river, and watered by its affluents and those of the Elkhorn ; area, 650 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,032. The surface is diversified, the noil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 24,555 bushels of wheat, 16, 900 of Indian corn, 11,875 of oats, 12,190 of potatoes, and 3,214 tons of hay. There were 224 horses, 557 milch cows, 1,324 other cattle, and 752 swine. Cap- ital, St. James. III. A S. W. county of Mis- souri, intersected by Sac river ; area, 435 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,474, of whom 111 were colored. Its surface is uneven, the soil productive. A railroad connects it with Fort Scott, Kansas, and with the Atlantic and Pacific railroad at Lebanon. The chief productions in 1870 were 59,377 bushels of wheat, 326,060 of Indian corn, 49,588 of oats, 17,070 of potatoes, 1,102 tons of hay, and 37,465 Ibs. of tobacco. There were 3,089 horses, 2,347 milch cows, 5,680 other cattle, 7,750 sheep, and 11,774 swine. Capital, Stockton. CEDAR BIRD (bombycilla cedrorum,, Vieill. ; ampelis cedrorum, Baird), a bird of the wax- wing family, smaller, more southern, and less migratory than the A', garrulu*, Linn. (See WAXWING.) The general color is reddish olive, passing into purplish cinnamon anteriorly, ashy behind, and yellow below ; chin black ; under tail coverts white, but no white on the wings - T in other respects like the waxwing. It occurs throughout North America, from Canada to Central America ; it is usually seen in flocks, Cedar Bird (Bombycilla cedrorum). flying high and rapidly. The food consists of berries and small fruits of all kinds, which it eats to repletion and sometimes to its destruc- tion ; it takes its name from its fondness for the berries of the red cedar ; it also eats in- sects. It is a handsome and sprightly bird, but has no song. It becomes very fat in sum- mer and autumn, and is then highly esteemed as food in the southern states. It breeds in June, making a nest of grass in orchard and cedar trees ; the eggs are three or four, pur- plish white with black spots. There is a spe- cies in Japan, which has no red appendages on the wings. CEDAR MOUNTAIN, an isolated conical hill in Culpeper co., Virginia, near which was fought, Aug. 9, 1862, a sharp action between a Union force under Gen. Banks, belonging to the army of Virginia under Gen. Pope, and the con- federates under Gen. Jackson. Toward even- ing Gen. Banks fell back to meet supports which Gen. Pope had pushed forward. The confederates retained possession of the battle field, but two days afterward fell back to Gor- donsville, toward which Gen. Lee was moving with his whole army. The confederate loss was 223 killed, 1,060 wounded, and 81 missing; to- tal, 1,314. The Union loss was about 1,400 killed and wounded, and 400 prisoners, besides many stragglers who never returned to their commands. CEDAR SPRINGS, a post village of Spartan- burg co., S. C., 5 m. E. S. E. of Spartanburg. It is an old watering place, and the seat of a deaf and dumb asylum, which in 1871 had two in- structors and 15 pupils. The Spartanburg and Union railroad passes through the village. CEDRON, a medicinal extract from the seeds of simaruba cedron, a small tree of the order simarubacece, growing in Colombia and Cen- tral America. The whole plant appears to be impregnated with a bitter principle, al-