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 CATHARINE PARR CATHARISTS 115 kinswoman of the king ; and two of the Parrs now became attached to the court. These circumstances seems to have led at this early day to some degree of friendly intercourse be- tween Henry and Catharine. While still under 20 years of age she was married again, this time also to a widower, John Neville, Lord Latimer, an earnest Catholic, who died in 1542 or 1543. Soon after his death Catharine embraced the Protestant faith, of which she became from this time an earnest friend and defender, her home at Snape hall being a resort of some of the most famous reformers. During this second wid- owhood her hand was sought by Sir Thomas Seymour; and she had already consented to marry him, when she received the alarming and unwelcome news that she had been select- ed for the sixth wife of the king. It was im- possible to resist the royal will, and Catharine was married to Henry on July 12, 1543. The influence of the new queen at court was excel- lent. She behaved toward Henry with the greatest tact, and used his favor, which she successfully retained, for the best purposes, even venturing to occasionally interfere in be- half of persecuted Protestants. She devoted much of her time to study, composition, and scholarly pursuits, and impressed the impor- tance of these upon the king's children. Her relatives received places of influence, and she so skilfully managed her husband's caprices as to gain some power even in state affairs. When Henry went to France in 1544, he left her re- gent of the kingdom. Even her known sym- pathy for the unfortunate Anne Askew did not suffice to turn the fickle king against her ; and it was a comparatively trivial matter which brought her into her first real danger of shar- ing the fate of her predecessors. In one of the theological discussions hi which she occasion- ally engaged with Henry, she allowed herself to support her views with more warmth than usual, and he became greatly incensed. One of her Catholic enemies who was present took advantage of the king's anger to poison his mind against the queen, and, aided by others, in- duced him to permit several of his councillors to consult as to the drawing up of a warrant against her. This warrant and an order for her arrest were actually signed a few days later ; but Wriothesley, the lord chancellor, to whom they had been given, accidentally dropped them, and they were found and car- ried to Catharine. Thus warned, she so skil- fully flattered and soothed her husband that he became completely reconciled to her. He sa- luted Wriothesley, when he came to arrest the queen, with a torrent of abusive epithets, and bade him " avaunt from his presence." From this time Catharine enjoyed apparent favor till Henry's death in 1547 ; but there seems little doubt that in secret the king considered several plans for ridding himself of her. She did not long remain a widow. After passing a few months in her jointure house at Chelsea, she became the wife of her old lover Sir Thomas Seymour, now lord admiral. But her married life with him was embittered by his familiarity with the young princess Elizabeth, and by his growing neglect of herself. Though without children by her former marriages, she bore Sir Thomas a daughter on Aug. 30, 1548, the infant's birth costing her her life. Catharine's literary works are admirable specimens of a pure early Eng- lish style. She wrote " Queen Catharine Parr's Lamentations of a Sinner," published by Lord Burleigh in 1548. In her lifetime she pub- lished a volume of prayers and meditations. Her letters are preserved in Strype's annals, Hayne's collection of state papers, and in the Ashmole collection. She employed scholars to translate from the Latin into English Erasmus's paraphrase on the New Testament, and wrote a Latin letter to the princess, afterward Queen Mary, exhorting her to translate the paraphrase on St. John. CATHARINE PAULOVNA, queen of Wurtern- berg, grand duchess of Russia, daughter of Paul I. and younger sister of Alexander I., born May 21, 1788, died Jan. 9, 1819. In 1809 she married George, duke of Holstein-Oldenburg, who died in 1812. She accompanied her brother Alexander on his campaigns in Germa- ny and France (18 13-' 14), and to Paris, Lon- don, and the congress of Vienna (1815), assist- ing him by her talents and resolute spirit. In 1816 she married William, crown prince of Wurtemberg. During the famine of 1816 in that country she proved her benevolence by the formation of female associations and an agricultural society! She was active in pro- moting the education of the people. She left two sons by her first and two daughters by her second marriage. CATHARINE OF SIENA, Saint, born at Siena in 1347, died in Rome, April 29, 1380. She en- tered at 20 years of age the order of Domini- can nuns, and became distinguished for her charity and devotion. She restored the Flor- entines to the favor of Gregory XL, and ex- horted that pontiff to leave Avignon for Rome. She wrote in defence of Pope Urban VI., when his authority was contested by Clement VII. She was canonized by Pius II. in 1461, and her anniversary is celebrated on April 30. The works of this saint are principally treatises upon devotional subjects, letters, and poems, collected in Qpere della sera/flea Santa Cata- rina (4vols., Siena and Lucca, 1707-'13). CATHARISTS, or Cathari (Gr. Ka6ap6c;, pure), a name assumed by heretics of the middle ages to justify their opposition to the alleged cor- ruptions of the Roman Catholic church. They were also called in Italy Patavini or Paterini, in France Publicani, and at a later period Bulgarians ; and from the time of the Albigen- sian war the name Albigenses became more common than any other. (See ALBIGENSES.) According to some, the Catharista appeared as early as 1035 near Turin, but the first undis- puted trace of them is in 1101 at Agen. They spread from southern France into the neigh-