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 BORDEAUX 91 Bordeaux. and other ancient buildings. The modern as- pect is admirable. The broad curve of the Garonne is lined with crowded quays, adjacent to which are some of the most commodious warehouses in Europe. The bridge which con- nects the city with the suburb La Bastide was completed in 1821, at a cost of $1,300,000 ; it is 1,590 ft. long, with 17 arches. Two of the old gates of the city still remain, la porte du Palais, formerly the entrance to the palace of the dukes of Aquitaine and the seneschals of England, and la porte de l'H6tel de Ville, which is surmounted by three antique turrets. There are numerous open squares, broad avenues, and fine prome- nades. The place des Quinconces is the finest square in the city, and occupies the site of the ancient chateau Trompette. The public garden in the same neighborhood is elegantly laid out with conservatories, &c. Among the finest of the modern edifices of the city are the Grand theatre, erected in 1780, at a great ex- pense, and presenting one of the handsomest exteriors in Europe ; the bourse, in which the merchants congregate daily under a glass dome covering an inner court 95 ft. long by 65 broad ; the palais de justice and the hotel de ville, formerly the palace of the archbishop. There are several fine churches besides the mediaeval ones already mentioned, among them St. Michel, which has a lofty detached tower and contains some fine works of art, and St. Seurin, remarkable for its finely carved porch and curious bass reliefs. There are also a gallery of paintings, a museum containing many historical relics, a museum of natural history, and a public library with 140,000 volumes. The imperial college, academy of arts, sciences, and belles- lettres, and the botanical garden with courses of study and lectures, are among the learned in- stitutions; and there are numerous schools and educational associations. In commercial im- portance, wealth, and culture, Bordeaux is excelled by no French city except Paris. The harbor is commodrous, and always crowded with shipping from America, Great Britain, and the Mediterranean ports, and the entrance and channel of the river have been greatly im- proved in recent years. Ship building is very extensively carried on, but the city is not dis- tinguished for general manufactures. There are some iron founderies, cotton factories, and sugar refineries ; and brandy, vinegar, cordage, gloves, and musical instruments are made. There is but one bank in the city, and that was transformed in 1848 into a branch of the bank of France. In 1864 1,488 vessels of 356,565 tons entered the port, of which 732 of 142,947 tons were French ; and 1,455 vessels of 375,291 tons left it, of which 707 of 167,145 tons were French. The same year 1,644 French coasting