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 CARMAGNOLA never knew what table talk could be until they Intel listened to Carlyle seated, pipe in mouth, under an awning in the yard of his modest home. Carlyle's works have been issued from tune to time in almost every shape and form. His "Complete Works" have been published in 30 vols. 8vo, with three additional volumes of translations (London, 1869-'71). CARMAGNOLA, a town of Italy, in the province and 18 m. S. S. E. of Turin, on the river Mella ; pop. about 16,000. It is noted for its silk fairs, which take place in June, and contains several fine streets and public squares, five churches, and a hospital. CARJUAGNOLA, Francesco, an Italian condot- tiere, whose real name was Bnssone, born at Oarmagnola about 1390, executed in Venice, May 5, 1432. The son of a peasant, he was a herdsman in his youth ; hut enlisting in the service of Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, he rapidly rose in rank, and aided his master in regaining a great part of Lom- bardyi and in extending his possessions. The duke, however, became suspicious of his loyal- ty, confiscated his property, cast his wife and children into prison, and banished him ; upon which Carmagnola entered the service of the republic of Venice, from which he received the appointment of generalissimo. He wrested Brescia from the duke of Milan, and entirely routed his army at the battle of Macalo in 1427. After the battle he released his prison- ers ; but incurring the suspicions of the Vene- tian senate for doing so, and his subsequent military operations not proving successful, he was recalled to Venice, under the pretext that his advice was needed for affairs of state, was placed under arrest, accused of treason, put to the torture, and beheaded. CARMAGNOLE, a French song and dance of the revolutionary era, which greatly contributed to exasperate the people against Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, who were lampooned in it as Monsieur and Madame Veto. The song consists of 12 stanzas, the first commencing with the words, " Madame Veto avait promis De faire 6gorger tout Paris," and each ending with " Hansons la carmagnole, Vive le eon da canon." The multitude in the streets danced to the mu- sic of the song amid the wildest enthusiasm, which was equally displayed in the theatres and on the battle field when it was played by the military bands. It was suppressed by Bonaparte after the establishment of the con- sulate. The name is said to have originated from the waistcoat worn by the Marseillais who took a conspicuous part in the insurrec- tion of Aug. 10, 1792, the song appearing soon afterward ; but the name of its author re- mained unknown. The appellation was also applied to the costume of the terrorists, to the most violent Jacobins, to the speeches of 154 VOL. m. 51 CARMELITES 799 Barere, and to the soldiers of the republic. The waistcoat called by this name is believed by some authorities to have originated in Car- magnola, near Turin. CARMARTHEN, or Caermarthea, the chief town of Carmarthenshire, Wales, a municipal and parliamentary borough, situated upon the river Towy and upon the Great Western and South Wales railway; pop. in 1871, 10,499. It is the terminus of the Carmarthen and Cardigan rail- way from the north and of the Llandeilo railway from the east. Its site is uneven and its streets are irregular, but it commands a fine view of the Towy. It has a handsome guildhall with a grain market beneath, and a fine building for the assembly rooms. There are a grammar school, a Presbyterian seminary, a training college, national and infant schools, an infirmary, and literary and scientific institutions. There are iron and tin works in the neighborhood, and the town has a good foreign and coasting trade. The harbor is 3 m. below the town, near Car- marthen bay. Richard Steele was buried here. CARMARTHENSHIRE, a county of Wales, bor- dering on Cardiganshire, Brecknockshire, Gla- morganshire, the British channel, and Pem- brokeshire ; area, 947 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 116,- 944. It is mountainous, the highest range being the Mynydd Du or Black mountains in the southeast. The river Towy, rising in Cardigan- shire, flows S. W. through the county, and falls into Carmarthen bay. The valleys are noted for the beauty of their scenery. The county is traversed by the South Wales and other rail- ways. It was the scene of the final struggle of the Welsh under Llewellyn, their last native prince ; and it was long in a disturbed state, as is shown by the castles, of which there are many remains. CARMEL (Heb., wood land or garden land), a range of limestone hills in JT. W. Palestine, terminating at the sea in the promontory of Mt. Carmel, forming the southern boundary of the bay of Acre. The average height is 1,500 ft., the highest elevation being 1,728 ft. above the sea. Carmel is celebrated for the salubrity of its climate and the fertility of its sides and slopes. Although cultivation has ceased, enough remains in the timber, the wild olive, and the pasture to bear out its an- cient repute. It is also noted for its medicinal and aromatic herbs. It is the scene of some of the great events of Biblical history, having been the retreat of the prophets Elijah and Elisha. The brook Kishon runs at the foot of Cannel. A convent is situated on this mountain, where travellers are entertained. A few years ago a German colony settled at th foot and on the sides of Oarmel, and introduced a system of cultivation which promises to restore its fertility. CARMELITES, an order of friars in the Roman Catholic church. Mt. Carmel appears to have been a favorite place of resort for Hebrew as- cetics, and after the Christian era hermits were fond of fixing themselves in the same region ; and hence appears to have sprung up among the Car-