Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/806

 796 CARLSTAD CAELYLE ral palaces belonging to the Baden nobility, and about 100 public buildings, including the churches, the mint, the school houses, the hos- pitals, &c. Among the hospitals is one en- dowed with $44,000 by the celebrated London tailor Stultz, who was a native of Baden, and whose munificence was rewarded by the grand duke with the title of baron. A majority of the inhabitants are Protestants. The new Protestant church, built in 1807, is a noble Roman structure. The synagogue is in orien- tal style, and the Catholic church has a fine portico with eight Ionic pillars. There are here some manufactures of silks, woollens, car- pets, jewelry, and chemicals. CARLSTAD, or Karlstad, a town of Sweden, province of Wermland, 160 m. W. of Stockholm ; pop. in 1868, 5,433. It stands on an island near the N. E. shore of Lake Wener. Among the public buildings are a cathedral, a college, a cabinet of natural history, and an observatory. The exports are copper, iron, corn, salt, and timber. The railway connecting Stockholm and Christiania passes the town, and its com- merce is greatly facilitated by the GStha river and canal, making, with Lakes Wener and Wetter, a continuous navigation between the Baltic and Cattegat. The town and its vicinity are noted for fine fishing and shooting. It was entirely destroyed by fire in 1865, and rebuilt on an improved plan. CARLSTADT, a town of Croatia. See KARL- 8TADT. CAELSTADT, Andreas, a German reformer, born at Karlstadt, in Franconia, about 1483, died in Basel, Dec. 25, 1541. He adopted the name of his native town, but his real name was Bodenstein. He took his degree of D. D. at Wittenberg, was appointed professor in that university, and subsequently advanced to the dignities of canon, dean, and archdeacon. From the commencement of the reformation he was one of its most zealous adherents. In 1519 he held a controversy at Leipsic with Eckius on the doctrine of free will, in which he proved himself so decided an antagonist of Catholicism, that he was soon after excommunicated by the pope. This severity on the part of his oppo- nents, and his own impulsive temperament, hurried him into a course, in 1521-'2, which Luther and Melanchthon severely condemned. He entered the great church of Wittenberg at the head of an infuriated multitude, and de- stroyed the crucifixes, images, and altars. He rejected the title of doctor, abandoned his pro- fessorship, applied himself to manual labor, and affirmed that learning was useless to Biblical students, who ought rather to toil like him with their hands than waste their time in the acqui- sition of unprofitable knowledge. After Lu- ther's return from the Wartburg, the old order of things was restored in the church of Witten- berg ; but Carlstadt went two years afterward to Orlamunde, in the electorate of Saxony, where he forcibly took possession of the pulpit, creating disorder, which was again denounced by Luther. Expelled from Saxony, he brought forward the question of the real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist, avowing himself the antagonist of Luther, and defending the extreme Protestant view of that doctrine. Suspected of sympathizing with the peasants' war in Franconia, he continued to give umbrage to the authorities, and led for several years an unsteady nomadic life. Reduced to extreme poverty, he appealed to Luther, who granted him assistance and a domicile near Wittenberg, under the condition that he would refrain from giving utterance to his religious opinions. Having quietly spent about three years in agricultural and commercial occupa- tions, he again came forward in 1528 with sev- eral violent publications ; and to escape from the indignation of Luther, against whom he was believed to have planned conspiracies, he be- took himself to Denmark, East Friesland, Stras- burg, and finally to Zurich, where he was kindly received and assisted by Zwingli. He was appointed archdeacon at Zurich, and from 1534 to the time of his death he was preacher and professor of theology in Basel. He had a numerous body of followers in Germany, who were denominated Carlstadtians or Sacramen- tarians. He was the first Protestant divine that married. See Andreas Hodenstein von Karlstadt, by F. E. Jager (Stuttgart, 1856). CARLTON, a N. E. county of Minnesota, bor- dering on Wisconsin ; area, about 900 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 286. Its N. E. corner is in- tersected by the St. Louis river, and it is watered by Kettle river and several streams that fall into Lake Superior. The Northern Pacific and the Lake Superior and Mississippi railroads traverse it. The surface is uneven and partly covered with forests of pine and sugar maple. ( Mil, M.i:. Joseph Daw. an English oriental scholar, born in Carlisle in 1759, died at New- castle-upon-Tyne in 1804. He was educated at Cambridge, and elected fellow of Queen's college, where in 1794 he was appointed pro- fessor of Arabic. He was afterward chaplain to the embassy at Constantinople, and collected there valuable Greek and Syriac MSS. He projected a revised edition of the New Testa- ment with the aid of these MSS., but did not live to complete his plan. He was the author of a translation of an Arabic history of Egypt ; a volume of translations of Arabic poetry from the earliest times to the extinction of the ca- liphs ; a posthumous volume of poems descrip- tive of the scenes of his travels; and an unfin- ished edition of the Arabic Bible. CARLYLE, Thomas, a British author, born at Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Dec. 4, 1 795. He was educated a,t Annan and afterward at Edinburgh, where Ed ward Irving, three years his senior, was a fellow student. Irving under- took to conduct a school at Kirkcaldy, and in- vited Carlyle, then 18 years old and just grad- uated at the university, to become his assistant. "To Kirkcaldy," says Carlyle, " I went. To-