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 CARLSBURG CARLSRUHE 795 seditious spirit which at that time manifested itself especially at the universities. The assas- sination of Kotzebue by Sand afforded a pre- text to the governments to carry out reaction- ary designs ; and by the decrees promulgated at Carlsbad, Sept. 20, 1819, the Burschenschaf- ten, or political unions of the students, were declared illegal, and other stringent measures adopted ; but in April, 1848, these decrees, as far as they had been approved by the German diet, were rescinded by that body. CARLSBURG, or Karlsborg (Hun. Kdroly-Fejer- vdr), a fortified town of Transylvania, on the Maros, 44 m. 8. of Klausenburg ; pop. in 1870, exclusive of the garrison, 7,955. It consists of the upper town or citadel, built on a hill, and surrounded by walls with seven bastions, and the lower town beneath. The principal gate of the citadel is adorned with fine sculptures. It is the residence of the Roman Catholic bishop of Transylvania and of a bishop of the United Greek church, and has a cathedral containing the tombs of many historical persons, two con- vents, a theological seminary, a gymnasium, an observatory, a mint, several libraries, an arse- nal, a hospital, and several schools. From the lower town there is a bridge over the Maros. There are mines of gold in the vicinity. The town was originally called Weissenburg (Lat. Alba Julia; Hun. Gyula-Fejervdr), and re- ceived its present name from Charles VI. It was devastated by the Tartars in 1241, and re- built about a century later. In 1849 it was successfully defended by the Austrians against Gen. Bern. CARLSCRONA, or Karlskrona, a seaport of S. .Sweden, capital of the province of Blekinge, 240 m. S. S. W. of Stockholm ; pop. in 1871, 16,234. It is built on a number of small islands, which are connected w'ith each other and with the mainland by numerous bridges, and is the principal station of the Swedish navy. The town is strongly fortified, and has a safe and capacious harbor, which has everywhere suf- ficient depth of water for the largest vessels. The houses are well built, though wood is largely used in their construction. There is an extensive naval arsenal and dockyard. The principal edifices are the council house, the prefect's residence, public schools, and churches. The chief manufactures are naval equipments, linen cloths, tobacco, and refined sugar. CARLSHAMN, or Karlshamn, a seaport of Swe- den, province of Blekinge, 26 m. W. of Oarls- crona; pop. in 1868, 5,578. It is well built, has a small but secure harbor, a good market place, a town house, two churches, numerous factdries, and an active trade in iron, timber, potash, pitch, and tar, and is a station for coast- ing steamers. CARLSON, Fredrik Ferdinand, a Swedish his- torian, born at Upland, June 13, 1811. He graduated at Upsal, was tutor of the royal princes from 1837 to 1847, and in 1849 suc- ceeded Geijer as professor of history at Upsal. Since 1850 he has represented the university in the national diet, and from 1863 to 1870 was minister of ecclesiastical affairs. He is a mem- ber of the academy of sciences, and one of the 18 members of the Swedish academy. His principal work is a history of Sweden (in Ger- man, Hamburg, 1855; in Swedish, Stockholm, 1855-'6), a continuation of Geijer's in Heeren and Ukert's history of European states. CARLSRIIIK, or Karlsrnhe, a city of Germany, capital of the grand duchy of Baden, 39 m. N. W. of Stuttgart, and 18 m. N". N. E. of Baden- Baden ; pop. in 1871, 36,622. It stands on an elevated plain of the Hardt, about 5 m. from the Rhine. The town was built around a hunt- ing seat erected in 1715 by Charles William, margrave of Baden, whose remains are interred beneath the pyramid dedicated to his memory upon the market place. Carlsruhe was de- signed in the form of an extended fan round the grand-ducal palace, from which, as a cen- tre, 32 public avenues radiate, 11 of which, forming the principal streets, have been built on both sides. The new theatre and the acad- emy are the finest buildings of Carlsruhe ; the New Theatre. former, a commodious edifice, erected within a few years, being especially conspicuous. The palace, erected in 1751 on the site of the old structure, is built in the old French style of architecture, and consists of a large centre building and two wings. It presents noth- ing remarkable except the Bleithurm (lead tower), which affords a fine view over the city and surrounding country. Of the pub- lic squares, the palace and market squares are the most beautiful. The educational in- stitutions of Carlsruhe are remarkable, espe' cially the polytechnic institute, which is at' tended by many pupils from distant countries. It has a lyceum, a seminary for teachers, a military academy, an academy of design, paint- ing, and engraving, a cabinet of natural history, a gallery of engravings, a grand-ducal archae- ological cabinet and one of medals, a court library with 90,000 volumes, and a public library with 105,000. The public parks and the trees planted in the squares constitute the chief beauties of the place. There are seve-